Publications

Your motivating style

No abstract is provided for this article.

The Dynamics of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Schools

Every teacher and every parent faces the question of how to foster more versus less motivation in students. Theories of motivation, accordingly, must be able to both describe the nature of human motivation, and prescribe methods by which it can be fostered or undermined. However, because most prior theories of motivation have conceptualized motivation as a unitary phenomenon, one that varies from very little motivation to act to a great deal of it, they have been critically hamstrung in providing any practical advice to educators and parents.

Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature

The Importance of Motivation for the Future of the LD Field

If the LD field is to make important breakthroughs in coming years, it must avoid becoming insular and parochial. There are important ideas to be gleaned from the work of individuals not enmeshed with the specific problems we confront everyday. Individuals outside the LD field can bring fresh perspectives that allow us to see beyond the boundaries of our current frameworks and procedures. They often see what's missing and suggest important connecting links to improve the way we understand and deal with learning disabilities. As an example of the potential value of soliciting outside viewpoints, we asked Edward Deci and his colleague Cristine Chandler to read over the papers included in the series of articles on “The Future of the LD Field” and to analyze and comment on our field's future from the perspective of Deci's distinguished work on human psychology. The result is a provocative discussion that first reviews the papers in the future series with reference to definition, etiology, prevention, and treatment, and then suggests that a key element missing in most of the presentations is a sophisticated and systematic concept of human motivation. Deci and Chandler offer a brief outline of basic psychological concepts not widely discussed in the LD field and apply these concepts with regard to both the treatment of learning disabilities and to the processes used to support and supervise the efforts of teachers. Their analysis and ideas have profound implications for LD theory, research, and practice, and warrant careful attention from those concerned with advancing the field.—Howard S. Adelman and Linda Taylor, Guest Editors

Materialism, Spending, and Affect: An Event-Sampling Study of Marketplace Behavior and Its Affective Costs

No abstract is provided for this article.

Disentangling autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting: A meta-analysis of self-determination theory’s dual process model across cultures.

Self-determination theory's (SDT) dual process model claims that parental autonomy support relates positively to child well-being, while psychologically controlling parenting is linked positively to child ill-being. We tested these claims using a combination of one-stage and univariate meta-analytic structural equation modeling with moderation (

Motivation and anxiety for dental treatment and dental attendance: The roles of the locus of causality personality and treatment styles

The purpose of the present study was to test a self‐determination theory model with the following hypotheses: (1) Patients’ autonomous causality personality orientation and oral health care professionals’ autonomy‐supportive treatment styles, as perceived by patients, would both be positively indirectly associated with dental attendance through patients’ autonomous motivation for dental treatment. (2) Patients’ controlled causality personality orientation and oral health care professionals’ controlling treatment styles, as perceived by patients, would both be positively indirectly associated with avoidance of making a dental clinic appointment through patients’ anxiety for dental treatment. A sample size of about 200 patients was estimated to be acceptable in detecting moderate effect sizes (independent variables: 5–6; power: .80; p < .05). Student patients ( N = 226) responded to a survey with validated questionnaires. Using LISREL , both hypotheses were supported. In addition, patients’ perception of a controlling treatment style moderated the controlled personality—dental anxiety relation, so that a lower controlling treatment style mitigated dental anxiety substantially among patients with a high control orientation. Effect sizes were moderate to large. Analyses ( Z ‐scores) also revealed that the autonomous personality is more strongly linked to situational autonomous motivation than situational autonomy support, whereas a controlled personality and a perceived controlling treatment style are equally and significantly associated to dental anxiety. Both patient personalities and oral health care professionals’ treatment styles are substantially linked to autonomous motivation and anxiety for dental treatment, which are relatively strongly associated with dental attendance and avoiding dental clinic appointments, respectively.

Analysis of specimens from phase I of the 3D printing in Zero G technology demonstration mission

Purpose Human space exploration to date has been limited to low Earth orbit and the moon. The International Space Station (ISS) provides a unique opportunity for researchers to prove out the technologies that will enable humans to safely live and work in space for longer periods and venture farther into the solar system. The ability to manufacture parts in-space rather than launch them from earth represents a fundamental shift in the current risk and logistics paradigm for human space exploration. The purpose of this mission is to prove out the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process in the microgravity environment, evaluate microgravity effects on the materials manufactured, and provide the first demonstration of on-demand manufacturing for space exploration. Design/methodology/approach In 2014, NASA, in cooperation with Made in Space, Inc., launched a 3D printer to the ISS with the goal of evaluating the effect of microgravity on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process and prove out the technology for use on long duration, long endurance missions where it could leveraged to reduce logistics requirements and enhance crew safety by enabling a rapid response capability. This paper presents the results of testing of the first phase of prints from the technology demonstration mission, where 21 parts where printed on orbit and compared against analogous specimens produced using the printer prior to its launch to ISS. Findings Mechanical properties, dimensional variations, structural differences and chemical composition for ground and flight specimens are reported. Hypotheses to explain differences observed in ground and flight prints are also developed. Phase II print operations, which took place in June and July of 2016, and ground-based studies using a printer identical to the hardware on ISS, will serve to answer remaining questions about the phase I data set. Based on Phase I analyses, operating the FDM process in microgravity has no substantive effect on the material produced. Practical implications Demonstrates that there is no discernable, engineering significant effect on operation of FDM in microgravity. Implication is that material characterization activities for this application can be ground-based. Originality/value Summary of results of testing of parts from the first operation of 3D printing in a microgravity environment.

Weekends, Work, and Well-Being: Psychological Need Satisfactions and Day of the Week Effects on Mood, Vitality, and Physical Symptoms

We examine the effects of weekend versus weekday and work versus nonwork experiences on mood and other well-being indicators in a sample of 74 men and women employed in a wide variety of occupations. It was hypothesized that both weekends and nonworking times would be associated with enhanced well-being, and that these relations would be mediated by greater satisfaction of autonomy and relatedness needs. In addition, we hypothesized that much of the weekend effect would be accounted for by the work versus nonwork contrast, given that work activities are expected to be associated with a lower sense of autonomy and relatedness than nonwork activities. Results supported these hypotheses, showing that for both male and female workers, weekend and nonwork activities were associated with several indicators of well-being, and these relations were partially or fully mediated by basic psychological need satisfaction. The findings are discussed in terms of mood variability and the implications of free time and work for workers' well-being.

The Dynamics of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Schools

Every teacher and every parent faces the question of how to foster more versus less motivation in students. Theories of motivation, accordingly, must be able to both describe the nature of human motivation, and prescribe methods by which it can be fostered or undermined. However, because most prior theories of motivation have conceptualized motivation as a unitary phenomenon, one that varies from very little motivation to act to a great deal of it, they have been critically hamstrung in providing any practical advice to educators and parents.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)

No abstract is provided for this article.

Self-Regulation of Withholding Negative Emotions Questionnaire

Need fulfillment, self-regulation, and adjustment: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization

Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure.

We investigated 2 engagement-fostering aspects of teachers’ instructional styles—autonomy support and structure—and hypothesized that students’ engagement would be highest when teachers provided high levels of both. Trained observers rated teachers’ instructional styles and students’ behavioral engagement in 133 public high school classrooms in the Midwest, and 1,584 students in Grades 9–11 reported their subjective engagement. Correlational and hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed 3 results: (a) Autonomy support and structure were positively correlated, (b) autonomy support and structure both predicted students’ behavioral engagement, and (c) only autonomy support was a unique predictor of students’ self-reported engagement. We discuss, first, how these findings help illuminate the relations between autonomy support and structure as 2 complementary, rather than antagonistic or curvilinear, engagement-fostering aspects of teachers’ instructional styles and, second, the somewhat different results obtained for the behavioral versus self-report measures of students’ classroom engagement.

Self-Determination Theory

No abstract is provided for this article.

Future directions for self-determination theory: Introduction to the special issue

Abstract Self-determination theory (SDT) has become a leading theory of motivation and wellness, and research in this area continues to grow each year. In this special issue we highlight a few recent and novel directions in SDT research, including its application to new areas such as compliance with laws and anti-racism, interdisciplinary interfaces with fields including philosophy and data science, and new methodological innovations applying computational modelling, databasing, economics, and neuroscience. We particularly highlight how SDT can be applied to socially complex issues outside the traditional scope of psychological research. We hope this special issue highlights both the narrow and broad implications and applications of the theory and the new directions it might take.

Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health.

Two types of religious internalization are conceptualized that are presumed to vary in their relative autonomy. Introjection represents a partial internalization of beliefs and is characterized by self- and other-approval-based pressures. Identification represents adoption of beliefs as personal values and is characterized by greater volition. These 2 types of internalization are compared conceptually and empirically with existing measures of religious orientation and are used to predict varied functional outcomes. Results in 4 independent Christian samples show systematic construct validities and relations with mental health and self-related outcomes. Also, evangelical teenagers are shown to be higher on both introjection and identification than controls. Results are discussed both in terms of prior approaches to the psychology of religion and the significance of internalization for personality functioning.

Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology.

No abstract is provided for this article.