Two studies examined the influence of emotions on nondirected learning. Nondirected learning is conceptualized as learning which occurs in the absence of external prompts, reinforcements, or specific instruction. In Study 1, one of two expository texts was given to ninety-two undergraduate subjects for the ostensible purpose of obtaining attitudinal and emotional ratings. Two separate measures of motivational and emotional factors and perceived comprehension were administered immediately following the subjects' reading of the text. No mention of later testing occurred. After a brief delay, subjects' recall of the texts was obtained and scored using a propositional coding scheme. Correlational results revealed that factor-analytically derived dimensions of interest-enjoyment and task involvement were positively associated with perceived comprehension text recall, while ego-involvement, shame, and hostility were negatively related to these same variables. Study 2 was conducted: first, to replicate the emotion dimensions obtained in Study 1 on a larger, combined sample; second, using the larger samples to specify and test a "path model" of the indirect influence of emotions on nondirected learning through perceived comprehension; and, third, in Study 2 alone, to assess the stability of the recall measure over a ten-day period and the effects of verbal aptitude on the relations between the variables in the path model. The discussion focuses on the significance of motives and emotions for nondirected learning and the implications of the current study for organismic learning theories.
Le degre eleve de standardisation que demandent les publications en sciences exactes justifie l'imposition d'une langue unique, en l'occurrence l'anglais, comme lingua franca de la communication. La traduction en anglais des travaux scientifiques en vue de leur publication dans les revues internationales a comite de lecture represente ainsi une activite importante, y compris en France, ou les competences en anglais des chercheurs ne permettent pas toujours a ceux-ci de rediger leur travaux directement dans cette langue, ou alors approximativement, necessitant l'intervention d'un traducteur pour corriger leurs productions. La pression de la standardisation, conjuguee a l'utilisation internationale et « hors sol » de l'anglais par les chercheurs, puis aux pratiques d'edition, a favorise l'emergence d'un nouveau « technolecte desincarne » auquel doit s'adapter le traducteur-reviseur sous peine de decevoir l'attente multiple des auteurs, editeurs, relecteurs et utilisateurs. Ce contexte, celui de destinataires specialises et largement non anglophones, amene le traducteur professionnel a developper des strategies d'evitement afin de contenter sa clientele sans se faire violence.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
'Intrinsic Motivation' published in 'Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research'
People find inherent satisfactions in helping and contributing to others for nonselfish reasons. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that being benevolent is often intrinsically motivated, or alternatively done out of deeply internalized social values that are autonomously enacted. In turn such behaviors satisfy basic psychological needs and thereby enhance subjective well-being. A further question concerns more ultimate explanations. Drawing on both SDT and evolutionary psychology, this chapter argues that the association of these proximal need satisfactions with moral and prosocial actions has persisted because these propensities and satisfactions have yielded manifold selective advantages. In addition, need-thwarting conditions evoke more aggressive, competitive, and self-protective strategies. The fact that people typically experience benevolence as deeply need satisfying, and doing harm to others as need frustrating, is thus an aspect of how proximally experienced satisfactions in individual development are linked with the evolutionary roots of our human nature.
This study examines (a) the relation of initial treatment motivations to alcoholics' involvement in outpatient treatment and dropout and (b) the relations among patient characteristics, severity, alcohol expectancies, motivation, and treatment retention. A treatment motivation questionnaire (TMQ) was developed to assess both internalized and external motivations for treatment, as well as confidence in the treatment and orientation towards interpersonal help seeking. In Study 1, the TMQ was administered to 109 outpatients entering an alcoholism clinic. Based on these data the scale was revised and was administered to a subsequent sample of 98 subjects seeking treatment. Information about demographic variables, measures of substance use, alcohol expectancies, and psychiatric severity was also gathered. Eight weeks after intake, outcome was evaluated through attendance records and clinician ratings. Results revealed that internalized motivation was associated with greater patient involvement and retention in treatment. Subjects high in both internalized and external motivation demonstrated the best attendance and treatment retention while those low in internalized motivation showed the poorest treatment retention while those low in internalized motivation showed the poorest treatment response, regardless of the level of external motivation. Problem severity was also related to a greater degree of internalized motivation. The importance of initial motivations in understanding treatment response and dropout is discussed.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Four studies examined the effects of nature on valuing intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations. Intrinsic aspirations reflected prosocial and other-focused value orientations, and extrinsic aspirations predicted self-focused value orientations. Participants immersed in natural environments reported higher valuing of intrinsic aspirations and lower valuing of extrinsic aspirations, whereas those immersed in non-natural environments reported increased valuing of extrinsic aspirations and no change of intrinsic aspirations. Three studies explored experiences of nature relatedness and autonomy as underlying mechanisms of these effects, showing that nature immersion elicited these processes whereas non-nature immersion thwarted them and that they in turn predicted higher intrinsic and lower extrinsic aspirations. Studies 3 and 4 also extended the paradigm by testing these effects on generous decision making indicative of valuing intrinsic versus extrinsic aspirations.
Life goals or aspirations can be distinguished as intrinsic or extrinsic, with different implications for well-being. In this study we used network analysis to reexamine this intrinsic-extrinsic distinction, illustrating how novel candidate aspirations can be mapped along this dimension using innovative methods. We identify four previously unexamined life aspirations, predicting that aspiring for power and social adherence would group with extrinsic goals, whereas aspiring for self-expression and mastery would group with intrinsic goals. In two samples (n = 196; n = 346) we analyze both the original life-goal variables and these novel aspirations using factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, circumplex modeling, and a network analysis using a graphical least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (glasso) to estimate the network structure of aspirations using EBIC. Replicating past intrinsic-extrinsic distinctions, all four methods further classified power and social adherence as extrinsic goals, and self-expression and mastery as intrinsic goals. The intrinsic-extrinsic distinction was also clearly visible in the network analysis. Finally, consistent with hypotheses, power and social adherence were unrelated to wellness indicators, whereas self-expression and mastery correlated positively with well-being indicators and negatively with ill-being indicators, supporting their hypothesized nature as extrinsic and intrinsic, respectively.
