Disentangling autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting: A meta-analysis of self-determination theory's dual process model across cultures

Self-determination theory’s (SDT) dual process model maintains that parental autonomy support relates positively to child well-being, while psychologically controlling parenting is linked positively to child ill-being. We tested these claims using a combination of one-stage and univariate meta-analytic structural equation modeling with moderation (k = 238; n = 1,040, N = 126,423). In the univariate models, parental autonomy support linked positively with child well-being (r = 0.30 [95% CI 0.26, 0.33]) whereas parental psychological control was positively linked with child ill-being (r = 0.26 [0.23, 0.28]). Consistent with SDT’s dual process model, the one-stage model that controls for the intercorrelations between predictors, showed that parental autonomy support and psychological control had unique and independent effects on child wellness outcomes. Parental autonomy support linked positively with child well-being, even when accounting for psychological control (r = 0.26 [0.20, 0.31]), and psychological control was positively linked to child ill-being, independent of autonomy support (r = 0.20 [0.17, 0.23]). Crucially, the beneficial effects of parental autonomy support and the costs of psychological control applied across regions, degrees of national individualism and cultural hierarchy, as well as child developmental periods and sexes. These results help move the field beyond debates about whether autonomy is universally beneficial, toward questions about manifestations of autonomy across groups and variations in its optimal support.