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Our aim was to study the broader eating patterns that potentially reflect many dietary exposures working together in their association with breast cancer risk. Using data from a prospective study of 61,463 women with an average follow-up of 9.6 years and 1,328 incident cases of breast cancer, we conducted a factor analysis to identify major dietary patterns. Proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios. We found no association between the "Western" dietary pattern (characterized by such foods as red and processed meats, refined grains, fat, and sweets) or the "healthy" dietary pattern (fruit and vegetables, fish and poultry, low-fat dairy, and whole grains) and breast cancer risk. However, women who were in the highest category of the "drinker" dietary pattern (wine, beer, and spirits) had a moderately increased risk (rate ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.52; P for trend, 0.002). The positive association was somewhat weaker among women below 50 years of age, a finding not inconsistent with chance. Our results are in agreement with the majority of previous studies that show alcohol consumption moderately increases the risk of breast cancer, but our results do not support any association between breast cancer risk and the "Western" or "healthy" dietary patterns.

A cavitation instability occurs when an isolated void in an infinite, remotely stressed elastic-plastic solid grows without bound under no change of remote stress or strain. The cavitation instability can be thought of as a process in which elastic energy stored in the remote field drives the plastic expansion of the void. The paper begins with a brief review of cavitation under spherically symmetric stress states and then goes on to consider the problem for cavitation states under general axisymmetric stressing. It is found that the criterion for cavitation under multiaxial axisymmetric stressing depends on the attainment of a critical value of the mean stress, to a reasonably good approximation. A set of recent experiments is discussed in which cavitation instabilities appear to have occurred. The last section of the paper reviews available theoretical results for the dilatation rates of isolated voids. The most commonly used formulae underestimate the dilatation rate under stress states with moderate to high triaxiality.

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A computational model has been developed to study the stress and strain histories experienced by zirconia‐containing cast refractory blocks when they are cooled from the casting temperature. Incorporated into the model are strong temperature dependencies of the following material properties: elastic modulus, flow strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion. The pressure‐sensitive Drucker‐Prager plasticity model has been used to account for the substantial difference between the tensile and compressive stress‐strain behaviors found in these refractories. The temperature‐induced phase transformation in the zirconia, as well as the overall thermal contraction, are united by introducing a coefficient of total dilatation. A nonuniform radial distribution of the transforming phase is also incorporated. The parameters that control the time‐dependent stress and strain responses are identified by performing calculations that span the range of expected variables. Process strategies for manufacturing crack‐free blocks are suggested.

A preliminary theoretical study is carried out of the role of micron-scale patterning on the interface toughness of bonded Cu-to-Cu nanometer-scale films. The work is motivated by the experimental studies of [Tadepalli, R., Turner, K.T., Thompson, C.V., 2008b. Effects of patterning on the interface toughness of wafer-level Cu–Cu bonds. Acta Materialia 56, 438–447; Tadepalli, R., Turner, K.T., Thompson, C.V., 2008c. Mixed-mode interface toughness of wafer-level Cu–Cu bonds using asymmetric chevron test. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 56, 707–718.] wherein 400nm Cu films were deposited in a variety of patterns on Si wafer substrates. Specimens were then produced by bringing the Cu surfaces into contact creating thermo-compression bonds. Interface toughness of these specimens was experimentally measured. The present study focuses on interface patterns comprised of bonded strips, called lines, alternating with lines of unbonded interface, all aligned parallel to the crack front. The interface toughness model employs a cohesive zone to represent separation of the interface and J 2 flow theory of plasticity to characterize the Cu films. Remote mode I loading is imposed on the elastic Si substrates. The computational model provides the resistance curve of macroscopic crack driving force versus crack advance as dependent on the work of separation and strength of the interface as well as the pattern geometry and the parameters controlling the plasticity of the Cu films. Plasticity in the Cu films makes a major contribution to the macroscopic interface toughness measured by Tadepalli, Turner and Thompson. Highlighted in this study is the difficulty of accurately representing plastic yielding in the thin films and the challenge of capturing the full range of scales in a computational model.

Abstract Anthropometric variables, particularly weight and height, are the most commonly employed measures of nutritional status in epidemiologic studies due to their simplicity and ease of collection. In adults, measures of body dimensions and mass are used to represent nutritional status directly; to compute the absolute size of the major body compartments, such as lean body mass and adipose mass; to estimate relative body composition, such as fatness; and to describe body fat distribution. This chapter begins with an overview of weight and height, including their relationships to nutritional status, their use in epidemiologic studies, and the reproducibility and validity of these measurements. Next, it discusses the concept of major body compartments and considers methods of measuring them. The major part of the chapter addresses the assessment of relative body composition, specifically fatness, using densitometry, combinations of weight and height, skinfold thickness, and the newer methods of bioelectric resistance and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Finally, an evaluation of body fat distribution is reviewed and the use of such measurements in epidemiologic analyses is examined.

The effect of material strain-rate dependence on necking retardation is examined for biaxially-stretched sheets. Rate-dependent versions of both flow theory and deformation theory are employed in an analysis of the growth of long-wavelength nonuniformities. Material...

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleoside phosphate sugars: syntheses on practical scales for use as reagents in the enzymatic preparation of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugatesJurgen E. Heidlas, Kevin W. Williams, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1992, 25, 7, 307–314Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00019a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00019a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views366Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts