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Abstract Life changes and protective factors of 156 enuretic and 170 non‐enuretic 7‐yr‐old children were analysed using the multi‐item Life Change Unit method and psychological examination. Of the single life events, divorce or separation were seen to increase the risk of enuresis. The weighted life change scores were significantly higher for the enuretics than for the controls at age levels of 3, 5 and 6 yrs. Secondary night‐wetting was precipitated by increased life stress, but this was not the case with secondary day‐wetting. Repression showed a predominance in enuretics. A strong ego was found to serve as a protective factor against enuresis under changing life conditions
Objective To determine the prevalence and treatment of enuresis in a national population‐based follow‐up study of children aged 8–14 years, to evaluate possible factors that enhance or hamper the attainment of continence and to examine the relationships between enuresis and psychiatric disturbance. Subjects and methods An initial study was carried out in 1989 as part of the Finnish Child Psychiatric National Epidemiological Study. Three types of questionnaires were used; the Rutter Scale A for completion by parents, including a question about enuresis, the Rutter scale B for completion by teachers and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), completed by the children. Parents were also asked about demographic and family issues, teachers about school achievements and children about additional psychosomatic symptoms. In a follow‐up in 1995, the target population comprised all previous enuretics and their controls, matched by age, gender, class and school, in the first phase of the study. Replies were received from 315 enuretic boys and 186 girls, with the corresponding values for controls being 310 and 183. The parents were asked about the adolescents’ present enuresis and for permission for a treatment trial, if needed. The adolescents completed the CDI, and a questionnaire about enuresis, previous treatments and possible willingness for a treatment trial. They also reported basic somatic data, their life events and living habits. Results In the initial study, the enuretic children had higher total and subscores as reported by parents, teachers and themselves, except for emotional items reported by the teachers. Additionally, a significantly greater proportion of these children soiled, had sleep‐ ing difficulties and difficulties in falling asleep. Enuretic boys had more frequent nightly arousal and early morning waking, while the enuretic girls had more nightmares than non‐enuretic girls. At 14 years old, the parents reported that 13 adolescents were enuretic; from the children’s replies, nine boys and seven girls were enuretic. Conclusions The prevalence of enuresis in those previously enuretic was surprisingly low, probably because of the efficient treatment methods, conditioning and medication. There were evident connections between childhood enuresis and mental well‐being.
Limitations in our current knowledge of a ship in extreme wave conditions have been illuminated by the work being done by the US Navy on advanced hull-forms. Stochastic approaches to these phenomena are insufficient, and deterministic testing of these events must be performed if the physics is to be understood. Although modern computer controlled wavemakers provide the ability to generate regular sine waves, long crested multi-spectral waves, mixed seas of almost any sea spectra, and even “freak” waves, all of these systems require the wavemakers be tuned to the specific facility and that transfer functions between wavemaker settings and the generated wave be calculated. This tuning is performed to compensate for the facilities geometry, wave absorbers (beaches), etc, as well as to aid the researcher in using the wavemaker system. The Maneuvering and Seakeeping (MASK) basin at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD) is a large rectangular basin, measuring 240 feet (73.2 m.) by 360 feet (109.7 m.). Two adjacent walls of the MASK are equipped with pneumatic wavemakers, while the other two banks are equipped with wave absorbing beaches. This paper describes the development of a feed-forward neural network model of the MASK wavemakers and demonstrates the utility of this approach in calibrating wavemakers and generating wavemaker transfer functions.
Abstract A recent prospective study showed that higher consumption of red meat and total protein was associated with increased risk for inflammatory polyarthritis. We therefore prospectively examined the relationship between diet (in particular, protein, iron, and corresponding food sources) and incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) among 82,063 women in the Nurses' Health Study. From 1980 to 2002, 546 incident cases of RA were confirmed by a connective tissue disease screening questionnaire and medical record review for American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. Diet was assessed at baseline in 1980 and five additional times during follow up. We conducted Cox proportional hazards analyses to calculate the rate ratio of RA associated with intakes of protein (total, animal, and vegetable) and iron (total, dietary, from supplements, and heme iron) and their primary food sources, adjusting for age, smoking, body mass index, and reproductive factors. The multivariate models revealed no association between RA and any measure of protein or iron intake. In comparisons of highest with lowest quintiles of intake, the rate ratio for total protein was 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.89–1.54; P for trend = 0.11) and for total iron it was 1.04 (95% confidence interval 0.77–1.41; P for trend = 0.82). Red meat, poultry, and fish were also not associated with RA risk. We were unable to confirm that there is an association between protein or meat and risk for RA in this large female cohort. Iron was also not associated with RA in this cohort.
Small structures tuned in terms of moduli and vibrational damping for use, for example, in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can be fabricated by soft lithography as an alternative to complex and expensive processes such as LIGA. The honeycomb structures produced consist of a metal or polymer core of variable geometry (see Fig.) sandwiched between two sheets of high tensile material to give structures with high strength-to-weight ratios.
Found throughout biology, polyvalent interactions are characterized by the simultaneous binding of multiple ligands on one biological entity to multiple receptors on another (top part of the illustration) and have a number of characteristics that monovalent interactions do not (bottom). In particular, polyvalent interactions can be collectively much stronger than corresponding monovalent interactions, and they can provide the basis for mechanisms of both agonizing and antagonizing biological interactions that are fundamentally different from those available in monovalent systems.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of CMP-NeuAc from N-acetylglucosamine: generation of CTP from CMP using adenylate kinaseEthan S. Simon, Mark D. Bednarski, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 21, 7159–7163Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00229a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00229a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views940Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
