While dairy products have been shown to reduce the risk for high blood pressure (HBP) in at-risk adults, few long-term studies have examined independent effects of yogurt consumption, a dietary component that may have particularly beneficial effects on blood pressure. We used repeated measures of diet and lifestyle collected over 2-3 decades among participants without prevalent HBP in the two Nurses’ Health Study cohorts (NHS and NHS II) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) to examine this question. After 18 to 30 years of follow-up, we documented 74,609 new cases of HBP in the three cohorts. After adjusting for age, race, family history of HBP, physical activity, energy, and intakes of total protein, fruits and vegetables, milk, and cheese, women who consumed 5 or more servings of yogurt per week (compared with those consuming 0-<1.0 serving per month) had statistically significant 23% (95% CI: 0.70-0.84) and 17% (95% CI: 0.77-0.90) reductions in risk of HBP in the NHS and NHS II respectively, while men in the HPFS cohort had essentially no reduced risk. To determine whether the effect of yogurt consumption might be explained or modified by other healthy dietary factors, the independent and combined effects of yogurt and a DASH diet score (excluding yogurt from the calculation of that score) were examined. Those in the highest tertile of the DASH score who did not consume yogurt had 15%, 29%, and 15% reductions in HBP risk, respectively, in the two NHS and the HPFS cohorts. The beneficial effects of yogurt intake were modified by a higher DASH score. In these analyses, the beneficial effects of 5 or more servings of yogurt per day on HBP risk were strongest among those in the highest tertile of DASH scores (NHS: HR=0.66; 95% CI: 0.59-0.75; NHS II: HR=0.68; 95%CI: 0.62-0.75; HPFS: HR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.64-0.88). Results were partially attenuated when controlling for BMI. These analyses from three large, longitudinal cohorts suggest that regular yogurt consumption, especially as a part of an otherwise healthy diet, is associated with a reduced risk of developing HBP during the middle adult years. These beneficial effects may be partially explained by intermediate effects on BMI.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Single-loop elastic rings can be folded into multi-loop equilibrium configurations. In this paper, the stability of several such multi-loop states which are either circular or straight are investigated analytically and illustrated by experimental demonstrations. The analysis ascertains stability by exploring variations of the elastic energy of the rings for admissible deformations in the vicinity of the equilibrium state. The approach employed is the conventional stability analysis for elastic conservative systems based on the second variation of the system energy which differs from most of the analyses that have been published on this class of problems, as will be illustrated by reproducing and elaborating on several problems in the literature. In addition to providing solutions to two basic problems, the paper analyses and demonstrates the stability of six-sided rings, curved-sided hexagrams, that fold into straight configurations.
It has been suggested that main risk factors for development of allergic diseases operate already during pregnancy and in early childhood. To study the association between gestational age, birth weight, parity and parental farming with the risk of atopy and asthma in young adults. In a prospective birth cohort study, 5192 subjects born in Northern Finland in 1966 were followed up at the age of 31. Skin prick tests were done to three of the most common allergens in Finland and to house dust mite. Data on doctor‐diagnosed asthma was obtained from questionnaires. Perinatal data had already been collected during pregnancy. The risk of atopy increased linearly with increasing length of pregnancy among babies born in the 35th weak of gestation or later. Gestational age equal to, or over 40 weeks compared with less than 36 weeks was associated with an increased risk of atopy (multivariate odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI 1.16, 2.34). The association was stronger among farmers' children ( P for interaction 0.01). High parity and being a farmer's child (multivariate odds ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.42–0.60) was associated with decreased risk of atopy. In contrast, no associations were observed for doctor‐diagnosed asthma. The results underline the importance of pregnancy and very early childhood in the development of atopy, and suggest that timing of the environmental exposure is of importance for the immune system. No association was observed for asthma, which may be due to the multifactorial origins of asthma.
The subject upon which I am about to offer a few remarks is one of deep interest to the Colliery Proprietors and the mining population generally of this neighbourhood. And I feel sure you will excuse me if I occupy a few minutes of your valuable time this afternoon in noticing some facts and observations recently made on this subject at the Oaks Colliery and elsewhere.Anything relating to this ill-fated Colliery is doubly interesting at the present time, since within the last few days some of the bodies of the volunteers, who so nobly rushed into this fiery mine ten months ago, in order, if possible, to aid, succour, or rescue their fellow men from a dreadful and almost certain death, have at length, after overcoming many difficulties, been recovered, brought to the surface, identified, and interred, which is no small degree of satisfaction to their sorrowing relatives and friends. Those in the town of Barnsley, who last Sunday and Monday witnessed the funeral processions, accompanied by the widows, orphans, and survivors of the Oaks explosion, as they passed slowly through the streets which were lined with spectators, will not readily forget the solemn impression then made, the sight of the numerous train of widows brought tears into many eyes.On the latter day the shops lining the principal thorough-fares were closed, and business suspended.FIRE DAMP.Fire Damp, Marsh Gas, Pit Gas, or Light Carburetted Hydrogen, Symbol C H 2; sp. gr., .552.100 cubic inches weigh 17.12 grains.
This paper describes enumeration of a class of topologically distinct periodic divisions of a stripe. Optimization of the geometry of these periodic tilings--optimization that yields minimum total perimeter of the tiles--gives a set of physically plausible periodic structures of monodisperse, two-dimensional foams bounded by two parallel walls. Evaluation of the minimum total perimeters of the lattices that we enumerated suggests two possible lower bounds for the mean perimeter of tiles forming periodic coverings of a stripe.
