Publications

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are electronic boards that hold electronic components together and provide the electrical connection between these components. Printed circuit boards offer many advantages over traditional wired circuits, such as durability, less heat, minimal wiring, and ease of assembly. Correct design and production of printed circuit boards significantly affect the quality and efficiency of printed circuit boards. In this study, a defect detection system based on machine learning and deep learning algorithms is proposed to help produce printed circuit boards accurately and minimize the error rate. In the proposed system, missing hole, mouse bite, open circuit, short, spur, and spurious copper defects on the printed circuit have been determined. According to the results obtained, According to the results obtained, success accuracies of 74.62% were obtained with YOLO-v4, 47.83% with HOG+SVM, and 39.86% with HOG+KNN. It has been seen that the algorithms discussed in the study are applicable in the detection of defects in printed circuit boards.

concrete strength levels, namely, of 25 and 40 MPa. Load-displacement curves, energy absorption capacities, stiffness degradation, the moment-curvature relationship, the plastic hinge mechanism and the ductility index were experimentally obtained at two different concrete types along with the measured stress-strain properties of the conventional and perlite concrete. The test results showed that the construction of the RC columns using only perlite may become possible in future by providing an adequate concrete stress-strain capacity, which will be improved.

In the study, the degradation of landfill leachate by single ultrasound (sonolytic) and sonolytic combined with Fe2+ and TiO2 catalysts was carried out in laboratory conditions. The effect of pH and ultrasonic wave amplitude was also investigated in terms of color removal, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from leachate by the sonolytic degradation process. In this process, the color removal efficiency was recorded as 81.81% at 620 nm, pH = 2.0 and 70% wave amplitude. The sonocatalytic degradation of landfill leachate accompanied by different catalysts was studied by using the 70% wave amplitude at pH = 2.0 and room temperature for 20 min. The sonocatalytic degradation of leachate by using Fe2+ and TiO2 was found to be significantly higher than sonolytic degradation (p < 0.05). As the Fe2+ concentration increased from 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L, the COD and color removal of leachate significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 50 to 35.7% and from 95.5 to 90.9%, respectively. The experimental data obtained from sonocatalytic degradation was analyzed using the Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbery (BMG) kinetic models and found to be compatible. The results showed that the combination of catalyst and sonolysis was a highly effective way to remove color, COD and TOC from landfill leachate.

The negative results resulting from the corrosion of reinforced concrete reinforcement are important for the investigation of corrosion in the reinforced concrete reinforcement. Corrosion affects the performance levels of reinforced concrete structures in addition to shortening the service life of the economic sense, and in the following stages of the destruction of structures can lead to destruction. With the resulting corrosion; the reduction of the reinforcement cross-sectional area leads to negative results such as the volume increase caused by the corrosion product and the decrease in the bond strength between the concrete and the reinforcement. With these results, the bearing capacity, bending and torsional strength of reinforced concrete elements are reduced, and the targeted building performance is avoided. Studies on estimating the bending behavior of rusted reinforced concrete elements are suffıciently available in the current literature; The behavior of rusted reinforced concrete elements under the effect of simple torsion has not been studied yet. This behavior, combined with the primary crack widths formed by corrosion, adversely affects the torsional stiffness according to the cracked section. For this purpose, 6 reinforced concrete beams of C25 concrete class were rusted at different rates by using accelerated corrosion method. In order to obtain the real corrosion rates, the reinforced concrete reinforcements were removed by mechanical and chemical cleaning before the beams were removed after the loading tests. In order to fınd the actual mass losses of all windings and longitudinal reinforcements, the masses of the reinforcements in the precision balance were recorded and compared with the fırst masses and the actual corrosion rates were also obtained.

An experimental study was performed to examine the effects of polyester geo-grid as a shear reinforcement bar for corroded and uncorroded reinforced concrete beams. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of geo-grids on flexural strength, moment-curvature, bond–slip and crack patterns for uncorroded and corroded reinforced concrete beams. For each parameter, a geo-grid confinement technique was compared with conventional reinforced concrete beams as a function of corrosion level. The experimental program consisted of testing ten reinforced concrete beams for two different configurations of shear reinforcement bars at six different corrosion levels (0% and approximately 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9%). Test specimens were subjected to an accelerated corrosion method to corrode the reinforcement bars using a full-scale corrosion pool. Actual corrosion levels were obtained from fully extracted reinforcement bars by breaking the concrete. At the same overall corrosion levels which were differed at longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars at the same applied corrosion current time for different RC beams. Obtained actual corrosion levels with the aid of fully extracted reinforcement bars from concrete provided to examine the effect of corrosion levels by considering the type of reinforcement bars. The results indicated that the performance of the polyester geo-grid was very poor compared to conventional steel stirrups, even at this stage of corrosion. It was found that the utility of a geo-grid as shear reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete beams is not proper.

Bu calismada dort teker tahrikli mobil robotun (4TT MR) govde hizi ve yonelme acisinin kontrolu icin Kesir Dereceli Kayan Kipli Kontrolcu (KDKKK) yapisi benzetim ortaminda test edilmistir. Mobil robotun govde hizi ve yonelme acisi her bir motorun acisal hizi kullanilarak hesaplanmaktadir. Tasarlanacak olan KDKKK ile mobil robotun yorunge izleme ve konum kararliligi icin her bir motorun tork isareti uretilecektir. KDKKK’nun performansini kiyaslamak icin ayni referanslar kullanilarak mobil robota parametreleri iyi ayarlanmis bir PI kontrolcu de uygulanmistir. Benzetim sonuclari KDKKK’nun geleneksel PI kontrolcuye gore yorunge izleme dogrulugu ve hata buyuklugu acisindan daha iyi sonuclar verdigini gostermistir.

A total of four reinforced concrete (RC) columns were tested to compare the structural capacities of RC columns produced by natural perlite aggregates and conventional concrete. The structural performance of the RC columns made from natural perlite aggregates was compared to conventional RC columns regarding the same concrete strength levels, sectional properties, and reinforcement layouts of conventional RC columns. The RC columns were tested under a combined constant axial load ratio of 30% with cyclic loading for two concrete strength levels, namely, 25 and 40 MPa. Load–displacement curves, energy absorption capacities, stiffness degradation, the moment-curvature relationship, the plastic hinge mechanism, and the ductility index were experimentally obtained at two different concrete types along with the measured stress–strain properties of the conventional and perlite concrete. The test results showed that the construction of the RC columns using only perlite may become possible in the future by providing an adequate concrete stress–strain capacity, which will be improved. Additionally, the use of natural perlite aggregates can contribute to sustainable construction practices by reducing the reliance on conventional aggregates.

User-defined plastic hinge properties obtained experimentally are used to examine the structural behavior of bare, infilled walled frames with and without anchor bars in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. Experimentally obtained moment-curvature relationships of structural members (i.e., beams and columns) are used to determine the plastic hinge properties of each section. Three building frames are modeled and examined for time-history analysis using 20 ground-motion records. Seismic performance levels of three buildings are analyzed to determine the effects of anchor bars. Limit states at each performance level are defined, and the multi-record incremental dynamic analysis curves are obtained; 16%, 50%, and 84% fractal curves are obtained for each case. Cumulative distribution functions are constructed to summarize the varieties in the roof-drift ratios of three RC buildings with different frame types for design-based and maximum-considered earthquake hazards. It is found that, with an increased spectral acceleration of ground motions, the probability of exceeding the performance levels of infilled walled frames in reinforced buildings is reduced with the help of anchor bars. The increased stiffness of RC buildings with infilled wall frames exhibiting lower ductility is re-gained by the absorption energy of the anchor bars.

A research study was conducted to investigate the thermal performance of phase change material (PCM) walls. The south-facing external wall of a test room was constructed using PCM walls composed of brick walls, plasterboards containing PCMs, and novel triple glass. The thermal performance of the PCM walls was experimentally determined on a monthly basis. However, because of the unstable characteristic of the meteorological data, evaluation of any solar application is usually made using the mean values from long-term meteorological data. In addition to the experimental analysis, a theoretical performance analysis based on 10-year mean meteorological data was carried out to provide a more general conclusion about the performance of the PCM walls. The results from the theoretical analysis show that the ratio of the solar energy gain provided by the GR35 PCM wall to the heat load of the test room on a monthly basis varies from 7 to 57% during the heating period from October to May; the ratio is 16% on an annual basis

This research deals with the decolourisation of direct azo dye, Direct Blue 71 (DB71), in aqueous solution by means of sonocatalytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic heterogeneous oxidation processes in the presence of a zinc oxide (ZnO) catalyst. The effect of these oxidation processes under visible light and 20 kHz ultrasound was investigated to study their influence on degradation rates by varying the initial dye concentration, pH and catalyst load and to understand the effect of synergy on the degradation process. The synergistic effect is quantified in terms of a synergy factor which has already been defined in the literature. The highest value of the factor was obtained for a low DB71 dye concentration at pH 5.5, 20 °C temperature and 400 mg L −1 optimum ZnO dosage. Pseudo first-order kinetics were followed for the removal of the azo dye according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. For comparison, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was also used for experimental values obtained from the sonocatalytic process, the photocatalytic process and the combination of these processes. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model demonstrated consistency in all calculations of the initial rates of degradation with the appropriate values for the reaction rate constant and DB71 dye absorption constant.

Fosil kökenli enerji kaynaklarının tükenebilir olması, çevreye olan olumsuzetkileri ve enerji ihtiyacının gün geçtikçe artması mevcut kaynakların dahaetkin kullanımı yerli ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelimi gereklikılmıştır. Temel geçim kaynağı tarım ve hayvancılık olan Erzincan ili yüzölçümünün%37’si çayır ve meralardan oluşmaktadır. Bu durum, yem bitkisi çeşitleriningeniş alanlarda yetiştirilmesine ve beraberinde hayvansal üretimindegelişmesine neden olmuştur. Büyükbaş, küçükbaş ve kanatlı hayvanyetiştiriciliği yapılan Erzincan ilinde yılda 434469 ton hayvansal atık eldeedilmektedir. Bu atıkların sürdürülebilir ve etkin bir biçimde kullanımının eniyi yollarından biri de biyogaz üretimidir. Bu çalışmada, Erzincan Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliği ile Gıda,Tarım ve Hayvancılık il Müdürlüğü verileri kullanılarak, Erzincan ili hayvansalatıklardan elde edilebilir yıllık biyogaz miktarı 15511011 m3,elektrik enerjisi 38025864 kWhe ve ısı enerjisi 35818027112 kcalolarak hesaplanmıştır. Erzincan’ınbiyogaz kaynaklı elektrik kurulu gücü bakımından 4.3 MW’lık bir potansiyelbarındırdığı, biyogaz ve enerji üretimi değerleri açısından da kayda değer birnitelik taşıdığı görülmektedir. Temel geçimkaynağı tarım ve hayvancılık olan Erzincan ili yüzölçümünün %37’si çayır vemeralardan oluşmaktadır. Bu durum, yem bitkisi çeşitlerinin geniş alanlardayetiştirilmesine ve beraberinde hayvansal üretiminde gelişmesine nedenolmuştur. Büyükbaş, küçükbaş ve kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliği yapılan Erzincanilinde yılda 434469 ton hayvansal atık elde edilmektedir. Bu atıklarınsürdürülebilir ve etkin bir biçimde kullanımının en iyi yollarından biri debiyogaz üretimidir. Bu çalışmada, Erzincan Damızlık SığırYetiştiricileri Birliği ve Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık il Müdürlüğü verilerikullanılarak, Erzincan ili hayvansal atıklardan elde edilebilir yıllık biyogazmiktarı 15511011 m3, elektrik enerjisi 38025864 kWhe veısı enerjisi 35818027112 kcal olarak hesaplanmıştır. Erzincan’ın biyogaz kaynaklı elektrik kurulugücü bakımından 4.3 MW’lık bir potansiyel barındırdığı, biyogaz ve enerjiüretimi değerleri açısından da kayda değer bir nitelik taşıdığıgörülmektedir.

Deterioration caused by elevated temperatures in the micro and of concrete can lead to serious decreases in the mechanical properties of the material. In this context, it is important to determine the mechanical properties of the materials constituting the structure to assess the current condition of the reinforced concrete structure after the fire. The present experimental study investigates the effects of elevated temperatures (25 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C) on cubic and prism samples fabricated with two different aggregate types (raw perlite aggregate and traditional coarse aggregate) by considering four different concrete mixtures (C25, C40, P25, and P40). Additionally, the aim is to reveal the usability of a raw perlite aggregate as an alternative to traditional concrete production in facilities that are likely to be exposed to elevated temperature effects. In line with these aims and objectives, experiments and visual observations were conducted before and after exposure to elevated temperatures using both destructive (e.g., compression test and bending test) and non-destructive (e.g., mass loss, UPV, SEM, color, and crack deterioration) methods. The results show that although they initially have similar mechanical properties (e.g., compressive strength), the deterioration in the P25 and P40 samples is more limited with increasing temperature compared to the C25 and C40 samples. Additionally, although the bending strength of the P25 and P40 samples at 25 °C is lower than that of the C25 and C40 samples due to the more limited stress-strain relationship of the perlite samples, it is observed that the specimens with the same compressive strength show similar flexural behavior under the effect of increasing temperature.

Abrolophus boleticolus sp. nov. and Marantelophus kastamonuensis sp. nov. are described and illustrated from larvae collected from the wild, edible mushrooms, Boletus aereus (Boletaceae) and Marasmius oreades (Marasmiaceae), respectively, in Türkiye. Both of these erythraeid genera, which belong to the subfamily Abrolophinae, have comb-like seta on the palptarsus. In addition, Marantelophus viticolus, which was earlier synonymized with M. rudaensis, was determined to be a valid species.

This study investigates the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and mechanical properties of mortars containing crumb and powder rubber instead of river sand. In this regard, mortars were produced using waste rubber whose ratios in the mixture are 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18%, and 21%. ASR expansion, compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted on the samples. ASR measurements were performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Besides, at the end of the ASR experiment, the microstructures of the mortars were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Examining the results of this study reveals that the use of waste rubber in rising portions in the mortars led to an increase in the ASR expansions of the mortars. The study shows that the ASR expansions of the mortar samples that have 9% and 15% waste rubber replacement are comparatively higher than the other mortar samples. Furthermore, the results of the SEM analysis verified this finding. The study demonstrates that 3% of waste rubber mortar samples have the highest compressive and flexural strengths. On the other side, the ASR expansion of the mortars with 3% substituted waste rubber was considerably low compared to other mortars containing waste rubber. These findings (ASR, compressive and flexural strength tests results) show that using 3% waste rubber is ideal for producing mortars and supports a sustainable production approach in the sector.

Flood routing analysis is of great importance in predicting floods and taking all necessary precautions in the area where the flood occurred.By applying different machine learning algorithms to historical flood data, the success of the established models in flood routing calculations has been measured.In this study, flood hydrograph data on 05.05.2014 was passed through the training and testing stages using the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Regression Tree Ensembles (RTE), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) methods, then routing calculations were made by applying the flood data on 03.06.2015 to these models.The results were compared with either ANN, SVM, GPR, RTE, or measured values.Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and Correlation Coefficient (R) values were calculated at the end of the comparative analysis.In conclusion, it has been determined that verifying the flood routing results performed by the SVM is the best result.