CuO–Water Nanofluid Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection inside a Sinusoidal Annulus in Presence of Melting Heat Transfer

Impact of nanofluid natural convection due to magnetic field in existence of melting heat transfer is simulated using CVFEM in this research. KKL model is taken into account to obtain properties of CuO–H 2 O nanofluid. Roles of melting parameter ( δ ), CuO–H 2 O volume fraction ( ϕ ), Hartmann number (Ha), and Rayleigh (Ra) number are depicted in outputs. Results depict that temperature gradient improves with rise of Rayleigh number and melting parameter. Nusselt number detracts with rise of Ha. At the end, a comparison as a limiting case of the considered problem with the existing studies is made and found in good agreement.