Magnetohydrodynamic CuO–Water Nanofluid in a Porous Complex-Shaped Enclosure

Steady nanofluid convective flow in a porous cavity is investigated. Darcy and Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) models are considered for porous media and nanofluid, respectively. The solutions of final equations are obtained by control volume-based finite element method (CVFEM). Effective parameters are CuO–water volume fraction, number of undulations, and Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers for porous medium. A correlation for Nuave is presented. Results depicted that heat transfer improvement reduces with the rise of buoyancy forces. Influence of adding nanoparticle augments with augment of Lorentz forces. Increasing Hartmann number leads to decrease in temperature gradient.