It is very apparent that the legal framework for Unmanned aircraft system Traffic Management (UTM) needs to be developed as regulators grapple with issues that relate to legal responsibility and accountability for each UTM stakeholder as the proliferation of drones increases. There is a considerable `legal lacuna' that exists creating much uncertainty within the industry with respect to investment and the direction of innovation. Drones are being utilised today under controlled conditions as technology and ability develops, but with this accelerated pace of technological development, existing regulations soon become limited to address new capabilities and thus become out of date. Policy has become law in many jurisdictions, but policy needs to be developed further to keep pace with demand because safety is paramount. This paper investigates and highlights legal aspects that a regulator and UTM stakeholders have to consider in developing good drone law. It is essential that a properly considered legal framework is developed for many reasons including, but not limited to, increased positive public perception, proliferation of innovation of use cases for Unmanned Aerial Systems, improved environmental impact and improved safety. This paper describes the fundamentals that a well designed and considered legal framework for a UTM system should address, in order to provide much needed certainty that can guide all stakeholders to a regulatory path that leads to safe maximized utility of drones in shared airspace.
The transformation of clinical practice known variousl y as “patient-centered care” (1), “the biopsychosocial model” (2), and most recently “rel ationship-centered care” (3) has been concerned with bringing a personalized, partnership-orient ed approach to medical care. To date, scholarship in this area has focused on the clinical e ncounter (how patients, families and clinicians communicate and work together), and on education in the health professions (how to teach this collaborative approach, especially through experiential l earning and reflection). In this chapter, we consider the application of the key principles of rela tionship-centered care in a third context: the management and administration of health care organizations. Organizations exert profound effects on individuals that a re seldom fully recognized. Most health care organizations create work environments th at are at odds with the values of relationship-centered care. They value control and oper ate in an impersonal and bureaucratic fashion. (4) In such environments, clinicians trying to work with their patients in a personal, collaborative manner find themselves continually swimming against the current. On the other hand, where core elements of relationship-centered car e are reflected in organizational principles and practices, these same practitioners are more like ly to incorporate relationship-centered process into their clinical work. (5) There is evidenc e to suggest that such environments improve clinical performance (5;6) and the satisfaction of both patients and staff. (7;8) We begin by considering the principles of relationship-c entered administration (RCA) in more detail and reviewing a list of basic administrativ e tasks. Next we explore the intersection of these two areas by considering several examples from o ne administrator’s practice in the Department of Medicine of a medium-sized community hospital. Finally we offer some comments on the implications and limitations of relationship-ce ntered administration.
Precision, clarte et concision. Telles sont, d’apres les manuels de bonnes pratiques, les trois qualites premieres d’un texte scientifique, et donc de sa traduction. Nul ne conteste l’importance de la precision dans ce domaine, ou l’exactitude de la terminologie, pas moins que celle de la modalite (probabilite, capacite, obligation, necessite...), est essentielle. La clarte, elle, reflete une bonne articulation du raisonnement logique. Clarte et precision semblent donc marcher main dans la main. Quant a la concision, chacun reconnait l’interet d’aller a l’essentiel et d’eviter les « belles phrases ». Mais si elle epure, si elle allege le texte, la concision seule n’offre aucune garantie contre l’obscurcissement. Comment distinguer synthese et raccourci, concentration et amputation, economie et appauvrissement, compacite et opacite ? Les differentes langues n’attachent pas la meme importance aux trois qualites, dont la definition peut aussi diverger. La tradition du discours deliberatif enjoint le redacteur francais a s’attacher d’abord a l’articulation du texte ; son homologue anglophone veillera plus volontiers a la concision, quitte a laisser au lecteur le soin d’etablir l’articulation restee implicite. Mais la concision ne sert pas uniquement a concentrer un referentiel. La seule brievete peut conferer a l’enonce l’autorite du mot d’ordre (fonction conative), ou bien inviter a la connivence (fonction phatique). Ces deux fonctions ne sont generalement pas a propos dans un texte scientifique. Le gain de l’implicite sur l’explicite que produit la concision ne doit ni froler le laconisme ni susciter une complicite entre l’auteur et le destinataire. Enfin, le traducteur scientifique traduisant du francais en anglais doit parfois repondre a une contrainte specifique : l’edition scientifique internationale, et donc de langue anglaise, impose des limites de longueur aux articles de recherche. Le chercheur doit faire tenir une grande quantite de resultats dans un volume limite, afin de presenter une densite de connaissances nouvelles et validees propre a satisfaire un comite de lecture. Cette obligation de condenser peut amener le donneur d’ordre a demander un effort supplementaire au traducteur ou au reviseur. Rendre une traduction d’une belle concision qui renforce la clarte d’un texte scientifique sans degrader sa precision – reduire sans sous-traduire – demande un savoir-faire a valoriser.
We investigated 2 engagement-fostering aspects of teachers’ instructional styles—autonomy support and structure—and hypothesized that students’ engagement would be highest when teachers provided high levels of both. Trained observers rated teachers’ instructional styles and students’ behavioral engagement in 133 public high school classrooms in the Midwest, and 1,584 students in Grades 9–11 reported their subjective engagement. Correlational and hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed 3 results: (a) Autonomy support and structure were positively correlated, (b) autonomy support and structure both predicted students’ behavioral engagement, and (c) only autonomy support was a unique predictor of students’ self-reported engagement. We discuss, first, how these findings help illuminate the relations between autonomy support and structure as 2 complementary, rather than antagonistic or curvilinear, engagement-fostering aspects of teachers’ instructional styles and, second, the somewhat different results obtained for the behavioral versus self-report measures of students’ classroom engagement.
Promoting the use of contact tracing technology will be an important step in global recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Across two studies, we assessed two messaging strategies as motivators of intended contact tracing uptake. In one sample of 1117 Australian adults and one sample of 888 American adults, we examined autonomy-supportive and controlling message framing and the presence or absence of information safety as predictors of intended contact tracing application uptake, using an online randomized 2 × 2 experimental design. The results suggested that the provision of data safety assurances may be key in affecting people’s intentions to use contact tracing technology, an effect we found in both samples regardless of whether messages were framed as autonomy-supportive or controlling. Those in high information safety conditions consistently reported higher intended uptake and more positive perceptions of the application than those in low information safety conditions. In Study 2, we also found that perceptions of government legitimacy related positively to intended application uptake, as did political affiliation. In sum, individuals appeared more willing to assent to authority regarding contact tracing insofar as their data safety can be assured. Yet, public messaging strategies alone may be insufficient to initiate intentions to change behavior, even in these unprecedented circumstances.
Le traducteur technique et scientifique que je suis, pas moins que le traducteur financier ou juridique que je n’ai jamais ete, doit etre particulierement attentif a la precision de ses traductions, c’est evident, mais aussi a l’exactitude des textes qu’il est charge de traduire. Un document traduit entache d’erreurs factuelles ou discursives met en cause son traducteur. Ce dernier est tenu aussitot pour coupable d’avoir mal traduit ou mal compris l’original, ou bien d’avoir omis d’alerter so...
Message from the President IMS Board of Directors IMS Conference Organizaing Officers IMS Corporate Sponsors Jacquet-Lucas Award 2002 Awarded to Rick Noecker 2003 IMS Henry Clifton Sorby Recipient: Dr. Enrica Stagno
Self-esteem would appear to be a laudable quality. Indeed, from a superficial view, what could be wrong with esteeming the self? Esteeming oneself would seem akin to the other prescriptions of modern social-cognitive psychology: Be optimistic; hold positive illusions; expect success; feel efficacious; be happy. But like many of these “positive” prescriptions, the admonition to esteem oneself is more complex and problematic than it seems. We believe that Kernis (this issue), in working to disentangle the issues of level of self-esteem from its stability, has brought some of the problematic dynamics of “self-esteeming” into the forefront. Our comments, derived from both self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and Buddhist perspectives, suggest some reasons why. Extending the issues raised by Kernis, previous SDT formulations of contingent and noncontingent self-esteem (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1995), and our recent findings concerning mindfulness (Brown & Ryan, 2003), we suggest that when self-esteeming processes are salient there is something awry with self-regulation, and with well-being. Based on SDT, we argue that, although self-evaluation is a “natural” human tendency with both evolutionary (Sedikedes & Skowronski, 2000) and developmental (Ryan & Kuzckowski, 1994) foundations, ongoing concern with the worth of the self is a byproduct of need deprivation or conflict. Specifically, the salience of processes in which the self is esteemed or disparaged is etiologically linked with the experience of contingent regard by significant others. We hypothesize that contingent regard increases one’s proneness to introjection, a form of behavioral regulation in which one’s actions are motivated by desires to gain (or not lose) self or other approval. Introjection, in turn, leaves one vulnerable to exogenous social pressures, the pursuit of unfulfilling goals, and the inauthentic living that can follow from them. Based on Buddhist perspectives, we further suggest that regulation based on mindfulness, rather than on contingent self-regard, is associated with healthier and more vital living, and provides a basis for acting more authentically.
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) [1].Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) regulate extracellular glutamate by transporting it into cells, mostly glia, to terminate neurotransmission and to avoid neurotoxicity.EAATs also conduct chloride ions via a channel-like process that is thermodynamically uncoupled from transport.However, the molecular mechanisms that allow these dual-function transporters to carry out two seemingly contradictory roles, and the physiological role of Cl-conductance through EAATs, are unknown.I will describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a glutamate transporter homologue in an open-channel state, revealing an aqueous cavity that is formed during the transport cycle [2].Using functional studies and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that this cavity is an aqueous-accessible chloride permeation pathway gated by two hydrophobic regions and is conserved across mammalian and archaeal glutamate transporters [3].Mutations of human EAAT1 (hEAAT1) have been identified in patients with episodic ataxia type 6 (EA6).One mutation showed increased Cl-channel activity and decreased glutamate transport, but the relative contributions of each function of hEAAT1 to mechanisms underlying the pathology of EA6 remain unclear.I will describe the characterisation of five additional EA6-related mutations on hEAAT1 function in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and on CNS function in a Drosophila melanogaster model of locomotor behaviour.Our results indicate that mutations with decreased hEAAT1 Cl-channel activity and functional glutamate transport can also contribute to the pathology of EA6, highlighting the importance of Cl-homeostasis in glial cells for proper CNS function [4].Together, these results strongly support the idea that EA6 is primarily an ion channelopathy of CNS glia and provides a framework for the rational development of therapeutics that can differentially modulate substrate transport or channel properties for the treatment of neurological disorders caused by EAAT dysfunction, such as Episodic Ataxia.Figure 1.Chloride ions (blue balls) permeating the archaeal glutamate transporter, GltPh.
