337 publications from this institution
The tribological behavior of graphene and graphite as additives in canola oil was investigated with a pin-on-disk tribometer. The wear surfaces of the aluminum pins lubricated with the additive-containing canola oil were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that graphene and graphite as additives in oil show a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate in comparison with neat canola oil. The graphene sheets are more effective than graphite flakes to reduce friction and wear. In addition, there is a proper concentration where the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear are in minimum value. The optimal concentration of the additive in canola oil is about 0.7 wt %. Therefore, the load-carrying capacity and antiwear ability of the lubricating oil are improved. Moreover, the worn surface of aluminum pins is smother in the presence of solid lubricant rather than neat oil.
Abstract In the present investigation, experiments were conducted on a tribological couple—copper pin against steel plate—using an inclined pin-on-plate sliding tester to understand the role of surface texture and roughness parameters of the plate on the coefficient friction and transfer layer formation. Two surface characteristics of the steel plates—roughness and texture–were varied in the tests. It was observed that the transfer layer formation and the coefficient of friction along with its two components, namely, the adhesion and plowing, are controlled by the surface texture of the plate. The plowing component of friction was highest for the surface texture that promotes plane strain conditions while it was lowest for the texture that favors plane stress conditions at the interface. Dimensionless quantifiable roughness parameters were formulated to describe the degree of plowing and hence the plane strain/stress type deformations taking place at the asperity level. KEY WORDS: FrictionSurface TexturePin-on-Plate Sliding TesterTransfer LayerRoughness ParametersCopper Acknowledgments Review led by Gary Barber
Surface topography of harder mating surface plays an important role in metal forming operations as it predominantly controls the frictional behavior at the interface. In the present investigation, an inclined scratch tester was used to understand the effect of direction of surface grinding marks on interface friction and transfer layer formation. EN8 steel flats were ground to attain different surface roughnesses with unidirectional grinding marks. Al–Mg alloy pins were then scratched against the prepared EN8 steel flats. The grinding angle (angle between direction of scratch and grinding marks) was varied between 0 deg and 90 deg during the scratch tests. Scanning electron micrography of the contact surfaces revealed the transfer layer morphology. The coefficient of friction and transfer layer formation were observed to depend primarily on the direction of grinding marks of the harder mating surface, and independent of the surface roughness of harder mating surface. The grinding angle effect was attributed to the variation of plowing component of friction with grinding angle.
Abstract Conventional lubricants face significant challenges in electric vehicle (EV) systems due to their low electrical conductivity and inability to mitigate tribo-electrification effects which can result in increased friction, wear, and electrical discharge damage under external electrification. Consequently, conductive lubricants like ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as promising alternatives, offering enhanced compatibility with EV applications. This study investigated the tribological behavior of four phosphonium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (PRTILs) with trihexyltetradecyl phosphonium [P6,6,6,14] or tributyltetradecyl phosphonium [P4,4,4,14] cations and saccharinate [Sacc] or benzoate [Benz] anions under electrified conditions, targeting potential EV applications. Physicochemical properties, including viscosity and ionic conductivity, were measured using a viscometer and a conductivity meter, while tribological properties were evaluated using an electrified mini-traction machine (MTM) and an electrified rotary ball-on-disk setup. The results revealed that all the PRTILs exhibited superior tribological (friction and wear) performance than mineral oil with or without electrification. PRTILs with the [Sacc] anion feature a double aromatic ring structure, while those with the [Benz] anion feature a single aromatic ring structure. Under low electrification (10 mA), [P6,6,6,14][Sacc] outperformed [Benz]-based PRTILs, showing lower COF and wear due to their higher viscosity and lower ionic conductivity. Additionally, [P6,6,6,14][Sacc] showed a power loss lower than [P4,4,4,14][Sacc] but higher than [Benz]-based PRTILs under tribo-electrification. The addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) reduced the power loss of [P6,6,6,14][Sacc] by 24% by reducing the electric contact resistance. Overall, double-ring aromatic [P6,6,6,14][Sacc] demonstrated superior tribological performance, and GNP additives enhanced their power efficiency, offering a promising pathway for IL-based lubricant development for electrified conditions.
Among the existing series of softer metals, magnesium (Mg) has attracted much attention due to its impressive strength-to-weight ratio. However, due to its ease of deformability, Mg tends to suffer from rapid degradation in a wide variety of abrasive and electrochemical environments. One method of improving its surface properties is through surface modification techniques. Among the existing techniques, laser shock peening (LSP) has been one of the most widely utilized processes due to its surface-hardening-like effects. Despite this understanding, a comprehensive review has yet to exist that encapsulates the strengthening mechanism of LSP for Mg and its influence in degradation environments. This review aims to encapsulate the existing research around the LSP field for Mg. Specifically, an understanding of the surface-strengthening effects in relation to its mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and tribo-corrosion characteristics is elucidated. Additionally, the feasibility of LSP for Mg materials in critical industries is also discussed. Through this work, a novel understanding of LSP for Mg can be understood, which can provide a future direction for research in this field.
In the present investigation, unidirectional grinding marks were attained on the steel plates. Experiments were then conducted using pins of high purity Al, pure Mg and Al-Mg alloys against the prepared steel plates using an inclined pin-on-plate sliding tester. The inclination angle of the plate was varied in the tests and for each inclination angle, the pins were slid both perpendicular and parallel to the unidirectional grinding marks direction under both dry and lubricated conditions. Results showed that the friction, transfer layer formation, and the presence of stick-slip motion significantly depend on the grinding marks direction and tilt angle of the hard surfaces under both dry and lubricated conditions for all the three materials investigated.
Friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the interface between die and sheet during forming. In the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using Inclined Scratch Tester to understand the effect of surface topography on friction and transfer layer formation. A tribological couple made of an Al-Mg alloy pin against steel flat was used in the tests. Tests were conducted at a sliding speed of 2 mm/sec in ambient conditions under both dry and lubricated conditions. The inclination angle of the steel flat was 1.0 ± 0.10. Normal loads varied from 0 to 135 N during the scratch test. Two surface parameters of steel flats – roughness and texture – were varied in tests. Care was taken to ensure that the surface roughness, measured along the scratch direction, had similar values for different textures, namely Uni-directional, 8-ground, and Random. Grinding the EN8 flat in a uni-directional manner and a criss-cross manner on emery sheets produced the uni-directional and 8-ground surfaces. While the random surfaces were produced by polishing the EN8 flats using various abrasive powders. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to reveal the pin damage and morphology of the transfer layer formed on flats. It is observed that the coefficient of friction, and the transfer layer formation, is controlled by the nature of surfaces and is independent of surface roughness. Moreover, the coefficient of friction, which has two components – the adhesion and plowing, is controlled by the nature of surfaces. The plowing component of friction was highest for the surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surface and was lowest for the surface that promotes plane stress conditions near the surface.
Improving shoe–floor friction in order to reduce slip and fall accidents requires thorough understanding of the factors that contribute to friction. The friction between a sliding viscoelastic material (shoe) and a hard surface (floor) has two major components: adhesion and hysteresis. This study aimed to quantify the effects of floor roughness and sliding speed on adhesion and hysteresis to determine how each component contributes to the coefficient of friction. Experiments were conducted on a pin on disc tribometer using ceramic tiles with three levels of roughness, six sliding speeds, two common shoe materials and four liquid lubricants. Hysteresis was measured using a lubricant that minimised adhesion. Dry and lubricated adhesion was measured by subtracting hysteresis from the coefficient of friction. Analysis of variance regression models were used to determine the contributions of hysteresis, dry adhesion, sliding speed and fluid to lubricated coefficient of friction. Increased floor roughness led to increased hysteresis, while increased sliding speed reduced both adhesion and hysteresis. These findings are consistent with theory that states that larger asperities increase hysteretic deformation and that sliding speed affects deformation and real area of contact between a viscoelastic material and a hard surface. The model correctly predicted 83% of variation in coefficient of friction based on dry adhesion, hysteresis and fluid dependent constants. The sensitivity of hysteresis friction to shoe material and floor roughness indicates that optimising these parameters may be effective at reducing slip accidents on oily floor surfaces.
Surface topography of a tool plays an important role as it predominantly controls the frictional behavior at the interface. In the present study, Inclined Scratch Tester was used to understand the effect of directionality of surface grinding marks on coefficient of friction and transfer layer formation. EN8 steel flats were ground to attain different surface roughness with unidirectional grinding marks. Then Al-Mg alloy pins were scratched against the prepared EN8 steel flats. Grinding angle (angle between direction of scratch and grinding marks) was varied between 0° and 90° during the scratch tests. It was observed that the coefficient of friction and transfer layer formation depend primarily on the directionality of grinding marks of the harder mating surface, and independent of surface roughness of harder mating surface. The grinding angle effect on coefficient of friction was attributed to the variation of plowing component of friction with grinding angle.
