Zeolites have been used successfully for over 30 years to separate small molecules of almost identical physical and chemical properties, relying on shape differences such as normal from branched paraffins. Many zeolites have approximately circular windows and these are the only ones used in current applications. As of today, the structures of 176 zeolites are available; many of them have windows that may be described as elliptic or irregular, presenting many opportunities for shape selective catalysis or adsorption. A molecule approaching a window may take a number of orientations, and it is difficult to visualize the three-dimensional shape and the best fit to the window. Search engines are needed to accelerate the discovery of one or more zeolite windows that can separate a given pair of molecules. A great deal of progress has already been made to construct such search engines, and innovative industrial processes may follow in the future.
On page 1287, E. A. Zimmermann and R. O. Ritchie discuss how human cortical bone's hierarchical structure resists deformation and crack growth through physics-based mechanisms at small and large length-scales, which are essential to resist fracture. Using synchrotron micro-computed tomography, the three-dimensional structure of human cortical bone, with its vascular canals at the center of each osteon (in green), can be observed resisting the propagation of a crack (in yellow) through crack-tip shielding mechanisms, such as uncracked ligament bridging.
Mental health services were included in comprehensive benefits available with no out-of-pocket expenses to enrollees in the Seattle Prepaid Health Care Project. This study was designed to examine the characteristics of users as compared to nonusers of mental health services and to examine the possibility of lower use of somatic health services attributable to the availability of mental health services. Two enrollee groups were studied: one group included enrollees with at least one mental health service (MH-U) and the other included those with some somatic utilization but without mental health utilization (MH-NU). Results indicated that mental health users were different from nonusers based on sociodemographic, health status, and prior utilization measures. Further, the mental health utilizers consumed more somatic services than other enrollees, even controlling for background variables. The visit and admission rates for the MH-U group were 2.4 times that of the MH-NU group, and total inpatient and outpatient costs were three times as high. On all three comparisons, approximately 60 per cent of the difference was accounted for by mental health utilization and by differences in sociodemographic and health status characteristics. The remaining 40 per cent could not be explained, but there is a suggestion that the higher utilization occurred for conditions where medical care is discretionary.
Background and Objectives Excess collagen synthesis in the liver plays a causal role in progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Markers that identify a patient's risk for progression, characterize disease activity and provide early assessment of treatment efficacy are needed. In particular, the availability of a non‐invasive metric of the rates of liver collagen synthesis (fibrogenesis) and turnover (fibrolysis) would be extremely valuable. We evaluated novel clinical biomarkers that directly quantify hepatic fibrogenesis rate in well‐characterized patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD. Methods Patients with suspected NAFLD and a clinical indication for liver biopsy received the stable, non‐radioactive tracer heavy water ( 2 H 2 O, 50 ml, 2–3 times daily) by mouth for 20–35 days prior to biopsy. A plasma sample was collected weekly. Collagen fractional synthesis rate (FSR) from liver biopsy tissue and FSR of lumican (a proteoglycan involved in collagen fibril assembly that exhibits increased synthesis when collagen synthesis is increased) from plasma were measured by 2 H incorporation, using tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) measurements of liver stiffness were obtained within 2 weeks of biopsy. Results FSR of hepatic type I collagen (Col1a1) was significantly elevated in NASH relative to NAFL (0.97% vs 0.43 %/day, p=0.03). Liver Col1a1 FSR also significantly correlated with fibrosis severity by histological score (r= 0.63), with liver stiffness by MRE (r=0.65), and with HbA1c levels (r=0.47). FSRs of fibrillar hepatic collagen subtypes (I and III) were highly correlated (r= 0.94). FSR of circulating plasma lumican correlated strongly with liver collagen FSR (r=0.69) and with liver stiffness (r=0.71). Conclusion We conclude that hepatic collagen synthesis rates increase with fibrosis severity in NAFLD patients, indicating not only markedly increased absolute rates of collagen synthesis with disease progression but also suggesting that hepatic scar is dynamic even in advanced disease and may therefore be potentially reversible. Importantly, plasma lumican FSR correlates closely with liver collagen FSR and with liver stiffness. Moreover, established clinical risk factors for disease progression (NASH diagnosis, histologic fibrosis score, diabetes) were associated with higher collagen FSR. Non‐invasive kinetic measurements of fibrogenesis, such as plasma lumican FSR, may be helpful as markers of risk for disease progression and as early read outs of treatment response in anti‐fibrotic trials in NASH. Prospective studies are required to establish the predictive power of fibrogenesis rates for disease progression or reversal. Support or Funding Information KineMed, Inc.
Este artigo analisa o crescimento exponencial do numero de detentos ocorrido nos Estados Unidos a partirde meados dos anos 70. Procura mostrar que esse crescimento nao corresponde a um aumento dacriminalidade, mas a conjugacao de tres series causais, quais sejam: o declinio do “ideal de reabilitacao”dos prisioneiros, a instrumentalizacao do medo da violencia pelos politicos e pela midia e a funcao demecanismo de controle racial assumido pelo sistema penal americano. Em suma, a hiperflacao carcerariarevela a contraface do enfraquecimento do Estado de Bem-Estar Social e a sua substituicao por um Estadopenal.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estado penal; Estado de bem-estar social; sistema penitenciario; punicao;criminalidade; penalogia; hiperinflacao carceraria.I. INTRODUCAOEm 1967, enquanto a Guerra do Vietna e asrevoltas raciais sacudiam os Estados Unidos, oPresidente Johnson recebia de um grupo de espe-cialistas um inventario sobre o sistema judiciarioe penitenciario americano. A “Comissao sobre aAdministracao da Lei e da Justica” revelava entaoque a populacao detida nas prisoes federais e nascasas de detencao estaduais diminuia lentamente,em torno de 1% ao ano (PRESIDENT’SCOMMISSION, 1967). Naquele ano, os estabe-lecimentos penitenciarios dos Estados Unidos con-finavam 426 000 pessoas, numero que deveriaaumentar para 523 000 em 1975, sob o efeito docrescimento demografico nacional. Nem asuperlotacao das prisoes, nem a inflacao dosefetivos carcerarios estavam na ordem do dia. Ogoverno federal se propunha, alias, a acelerar adeflacao destes ultimos atraves de um uso ampli-ado da liberdade vigiada e da generalizacao de pe-nas alternativas.Seis anos mais tarde, Richard Nixon recebiapor sua vez um relatorio sobre a evolucao do sis-tema carcerario norte-americano. A NationalAdvisory Commission on Criminal Justice Stan-dards and Goals notava, na verdade, que a popu-lacao encarcerada cessara de refluir. Mas nem porisso deixara de recomendar uma moratoria de dezanos na construcao de prisoes, assim como o fe-chamento progressivo dos estabelecimentos parajovens detentos. Isso porque estava comprovadoque “a penitenciaria, a casa de correcao e a prisaonada tem feito alem de acumular fracassosvexatorios. Sao incontestes as provas que de-monstram que essas instituicoes geram mais crimi-nalidade que a previnem” (NATIONAL ADVI-SORY COMMISSION, 1973, p. 597).Na mesma epoca, Alfred Blumstein e seuscolaboradores propunham sua teoria “homeosta-tica” do nivel de encarceramento nas sociedadesmodernas. Segundo o celebre criminalista, cadasociedade apresenta nao um nivel “normal” decriminalidade, como queria Emile Durkheim, masum nivel constante de punicao, que se traduz poruma taxa estavel de encarceramento (BLUMSTEIN
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHalide, hydride, and alkyl derivatives of (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)bis(trimethylphosphine)rutheniumT. Don Tilley, Robert H. Grubbs, and John E. BercawCite this: Organometallics 1984, 3, 2, 274–278Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00080a019https://doi.org/10.1021/om00080a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2982Altmetric-Citations183LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts