The thesis of this paper is that there is no historical precedent for Europe's monetary union (EMU). While it is possible to point to similar historical experiences, the most obvious of which were in the 19th century, occurred in Europe, and had “union†as part of their names, EMU differs from these earlier monetary unions. The closer one looks the more uncomfortable one becomes with the effort to draw parallels on the basis of historical experience. It is argued that efforts to draw parallels between EMU and monetary unions past are more likely to mislead than to offer useful insights. Where history is useful is not in drawing parallels but in pinpointing differences. It is useful for highlighting what is distinctive about EMU.
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
This paper reports updated measures of transparency and independence for more than 100 central banks. The indices show that there has been steady movement in the direction of greater transparency and independence over time. In addition, we show that outcomes such as the variability of inflation are significantly affected by both central bank transparency and independence. Disentangling the impact of the two dimensions of central bank arrangements remains difficult, however.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
The surface composition of the H2SO4/H2O binary system in the temperature range (298−170 K) has been studied using differentially pumped Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers designed to perform under equilibrium conditions (PH2O ≈ 10-6−10-4 Torr). Both spectroscopies have been calibrated on pure sulfuric acid solutions to illustrate their ability to provide accurate atomic stoichiometries within the near-surface region. In the case of AES this ability has also been extended as a tool for the study of the surface composition in the H2SO4/H2O binary system under equilibrium conditions. Compositional analysis of this acidified surface indicates that under these experimental conditions the chemical compositions of the bulk and near-surface region are equal within experimental error. Mass spectrometric analysis of the vapor composition indicates equilibration between the acid solution and D2O.
A mixed potential model (MPM) has been developed for calculating electrochemical potential (ECP) data for boiling water reactor (BWR) in-vessel components and recirculation piping using compositional data obtained from radiolysis water chemistry models. The calculated core component ECPs for the Duane-Arnold BWR are in good agreement with limited in-plant data. The calculated ECP data suggest that hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) will be effective in protecting the core inlet and the recirculation system of Duane-Arnold against intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) but that it may not be effective for this purpose in Dresden-2 because of the higher concentrations of radiolysis products (notable O2 and H2O2) predicted to exist in this reactor. Furthermore, the MPM predicts that HWC will be ineffective in protecting various in-vessel components such as the upper plenum, fuel channels, core bypass structure, and the downcomer. Electrocatalysis of the redox reactions shows promise as a means of enhancing the effectiveness of HWC, and it is also predicted to be viable under NWC conditions provided that hydrogen oxidation alone can be catalyzed. However, in this case, the exchange current density for hydrogen oxidation must be enhanced by a factor in excess of 104 for protection to be achieved.
Contrary to traditional notions, recent studies in several engineering ceramics have provided persuasive evidence of degradation and premature failure under cyclic loading. In the present study, such cyclic fatigue-crack propagation behavior is investigated in a range of advanced ceramic materials, including monolithic alumina, partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ), zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), graphite, and silicon nitride. Cyclic crack-growth is unequivocally demonstrated for tension-tension loading; growth rates over the range 10−10-10−6 m/cycle are found to be power-law dependent on the stress intensity range, and to exhibit mean-stress, crack-closure, frequency, and environmental effects, analogous to behavior in metals. In addition, transient growth rate behavior following block loading sequences, anomalous growth rate behavior of small fatigue cracks, and comparisons of stress-corrosion crack growth under monotonic loads with cyclic crack velocities are reported. Mechanisms for such cyclic fatigue behavior are described.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOne-step synthesis of hyperbranched dendritic polyestersC. J. Hawker, R. Lee, and J. M. J. FrechetCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 12, 4583–4588Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00012a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00012a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5183Altmetric-Citations1047LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
