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Flavonoids are stored in various plants and widely presented in different kinds of food in variable amounts. Plant roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are known to have high amounts of flavonoids. However, flavonoid aglycones are found less frequently in natural products, as it requires bioconversion through bacteria, which provide β-glucosidase to convert them. Recently, flavonoids and its metabolites were applied in the prevention and treatment of various diseases such as cancers, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and osteoporosis in numerous studies. This review focused on absorption, activity, metabolism, and bioavailability of flavonoids. Also authors organized and collected newly-found reports of flavonoids and their absorption barriers of flavonoids in the gastrointestinal tract, providing the latest findings and evidence from the past decade. Particularly, nanoparticles delivery systems are emphasized regarding fabrication methods and their potential benefits on flavonoids. Moreover, the potential challenges of nanoparticles as delivery system for flavonoids in the gastrointestinal tract are also discussed.

Background: Human gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to a higher risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such us inflammatory disorders, allergy and obesity. Specific dietary strategies, including the use of specific food supplements targeted to microbiota modulation, have been suggested to be especially relevant in reducing the risk of NCDs. In this regard, marine environment is considered as a pivotal source of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides and active peptides. These compounds, including algae- (alginate, fucoidan) and animal-derived polysaccharides (chitin, chitosan), among others, have been widely studied. The use of these active substances from marine organisms as a food supplements has been reported to affect human health.
\nScope and approach: This review provides the evidence-base information on the potential effects of various active substances from marine organisms, including fatty acids, proteins and polysaccharides, on the structure of gut microbiota and their effects on host health.
\nKey findings and conclusions: These compounds could regulate the gut microbiota structure and thus, intestinal and systemic level with potential human health benefits. The exploration and evaluation of the relationship between these substances and gut microbiota may provide a new direction for further exploration of the influence of high-added-value components on gut microbiota with potential health effects. These high-added-value compounds have been explored to not only improve the utilization rate of aquatic products, but also reduce waste and contribute to the environment and economy sustainability. Meanwhile, it is possible to expand the commercial applications of these products by the industry.

Macroalgae are regarded as a healthy food due to their composition and nutritional properties. In this work, nutritional composition of two green (Ulva rigida, Codium tomentosum) and two red (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra purpurea) edible seaweed was studied. Total lipids were measured gravimetrically as evaporated mass after petroleum-ether Soxhlet extraction of samples. In addition, fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results showed that all studied species were accounted for very low levels of lipids (<1% dw), but levels of unsaturated fatty acids oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were present at high concentrations, with P. palmata displaying the highest quantities (>200 mg C18:1/g extract). In parallel, proteins were quantified following the macro-Kjeldahl method. In this analysis, red algae, especially P. purpurea, showed significant protein content up to 30% DW. Total organic acids were found by ultra-filtration liquid-chromatography coupled to an amperometry detector (UFLC-PAD) after an acid extraction, P. purpurea being the algae with the higher organic acid content (10.61% dw). Minerals were identified and quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), suggesting that both algae groups are rich in K and Mg (>15 g/kg), but U. rigida also displayed a remarkable iron content (>1 g Fe/kg). Other detected minerals in minor concentrations were Ca, P or F. Altogether, results corroborate that these edible algae are a good source of nutrients in accordance with literature.

Se presenta el modelo educativo, innovaciones, proceso de diseño curricular participativo y descripción de la atención académica que permite un muy bajo costo para la gestión del programa por parte del gobierno de la Ciudad de México. Se describe el proceso de definición de restricciones de diseño que permiten cumplir con tiempos curriculares y de desarrollo del plan, programas de estudio y materiales en línea; formación docente; normatividades educativas y de formación policial; y presupuesto disponible. Además, se describen las asignaturas que incluyen todos los contenidos fundamentales del nivel medio superior, a partir de temáticas policiales, así como los proyectos comunitarios que representan una derrama de aprendizajes y beneficios para la sociedad.

Residual levels and degradation rates of tebuconazole and dichlofluanid in lettuce plants grown in a greenhouse under agricultural conditions typical of northwestern Spain were studied. Lettuce plants were sprayed four times with a homogeneous 0.2% aqueous solution of Folicur Combi (wettable powder containing 40% dichlofluanid and 10% tebuconazole) at a rate of 2500 g/ha. Samples were collected 1, 5, and 9 days after the first two applications and at times ranging from 1 to 27 days after the last two applications. All samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 degrees C. Fungicide levels were determined by solid-liquid extraction (SLE) followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (GC-MSD). Recovery was good for tebuconazole (98%) but low for dichlofluanid (29%); precision was good (<10% for both analytes), and quantification limits were low (<1.5 mg/kg). Seven days after the last application, dichlofluanid levels were below the maximum allowed limit established in Spain (10 mg/kg), but tebuconazole levels were above the corresponding limit (5 mg/kg). Tebuconazole concentration dynamics was accurately fitted by zeroth- or combined first- and zeroth-order models (depending on variety), but modeling of the behavior of dichlofluanid was less satisfactory, probably due to its instability.

ABSTRACT This research guide focuses on the application of spectral imaging technology in the detection of fruit and vegetable quality, and expounds its core advantages as a non‐destructive technology for detecting fruit and vegetable quality. The technology mainly integrates spectroscopy and imaging technology to obtain a three‐dimensional data cube containing spatial and spectral information, so as to achieve precise detection of fruit and vegetable surface damage, sugar content, hardness, pesticide residue, nutritional components and internal defects. Existing research data show that the accuracy of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) related technologies in apple bruise detection exceeds 90%; the prediction error of watermelon sugar content is ≤ 0.72 Brix; and the classification accuracy of pesticide residues in Gannan navel oranges is higher than 85%. The advantages of spectral imaging technology in detecting fruit and vegetable quality are reflected in its non‐destructiveness, which can effectively avoid destructive sampling; it can realize high‐throughput detection; and it has multi‐parameter analysis capability, which can simultaneously detect soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, hardness and other indicators in fruits and vegetables. This guide introduces the specific operation process of spectral imaging technology for detecting fruit and vegetable quality, mainly covering the selection of detection equipment, data collection and preprocessing, feature extraction and model establishment. This guide will provide scientific and efficient technical solutions and insights for modern agricultural quality detection.

Several scientific studies have been proving the bioactive effects of many aromatic and medicinal plants associated with the presence of a high number of bioactive compounds, namely phenolic compounds. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial capacities of these molecules have aroused high interest in some industrial sectors, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. This work aimed to determine the phenolic profiles of the infusions and hydroethanolic extracts of five plants (Carpobrotus edulis, Genista tridentata, Verbascum sinuatum, Cytisus multiflorus, and Calluna vulgaris) that have been employed in many traditional preparations. In addition, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral activity of each different preparation was evaluated using in vitro assays. The HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS profile revealed the presence of eighty phenolic compounds, belonging to seven different families of compounds. Regarding antioxidant properties, the hydroethanolic extract of C. edulis showed a potent effect in the TBARS assay (IC50 = 1.20 µg/mL), while G. tridentata hydroethanolic extract achieved better results in the OxHLIA test (IC50 = 76 µg/mL). For cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory results, V. sinuatum infusions stood out significantly, with GI50 = 59.1–92.1 µg/mL and IC50 = 121.1 µg/mL, respectively. Finally, C. edulis hydroethanolic extract displayed the most relevant antibacterial activity, showing MBC values of 0.25–1 mg/mL, while G. tridentata hydroethanolic extract exerted the greatest antifungal effects (MFC of 0.5–1 mg/mL). The results of this study deepen the knowledge of the phenolic profiles and also provide evidence on the bioactive properties of the species selected, which could be considered highly valuable options for research and application in several sectors, namely food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.