3,134 publications from this institution
The different types and measures of genetic diversity and the different tools to analyze it in a subdivided population are reviewed. Emphasis is put on the classical genetic analysis coming from population genetics and on the more recent Weitzman’s approach. The latter is questioned because it ignores within population genetic diversity. We discuss different reasons to emphasize either within or between breed variation and the methodology to establish some compromise. Finally, some directions of future research are presented.
SERS permits identifying the nature of molecules in extremely low concentrations, but it is hindered by poor enhancement or low reproducibility. We demonstrate controllable approximately 10(10) signal amplification reaching the zeptomol detection limit for a nonresonant molecule by sandwiching the analyte between the tips of star-shaped gold nanoparticles and a planar gold surface using a simple synthetic procedure. This unprecedented control over light-intensity amplification opens a new avenue toward high-yield, fully reproducible, SERS-based, zeptomol detection and holds promise for nonlinear optics applications at the single-particle level.
Subjects with elevated sleep-time BP are at high cardiovascular risk, independently of either clinic or ambulatory awake measurements. Sleep-time BP determined by ambulatory monitoring should thus be used for proper identification of out-of-office hypertension, a condition associated with markedly increased cardiovascular risk.
PartitionTest test suite
Abstract We report an assay of egg-to-adult viability in full-sibling mutation accumulation (MA) lines derived from a completely homozygous population of Drosophila melanogaster and maintained for 210 generations. A simultaneous evaluation was also made of a large population derived from the same origin and maintained as a control for the same period. We also present computer simulations to explore the possible decline in viability of the control population due to mutation accumulation and the possible effect of selection within and between MA lines. For this purpose, we used two mutational models independent from the data analyzed and based on radically different assumptions. The first model implies a large number of mutations of small effect, whereas the second implies a much smaller number of mutations with much larger effects. The observed rate of decline in mean viability was very small but significant (0.077%). The rate of increase in among line variance (0.189 × 10−3) was similar to those obtained previously in the same lines. The simulation results indicated that a model of many mutations of small effect is incompatible with the evolution of the mean viability of the control and MA lines over generations, the distribution of line means after 210 generations of mutation accumulation, and the pattern of line extinction over generations. Basically, this model predicted a large drop in viability, both in the control and particularly the MA lines, that is not observed empirically. It also predicted a rate of line extinction too low in the early generations and too high in the later ones. In contrast, the model based on few mutations of large effect was generally consistent with all the observations.
La desembocadura del rio Mino actua de frontera natural entre Espana y Portugal y esta clasificada como una masa de agua de transicion que, segun la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA), es una masa de agua superficial proxima a la desembocadura de los rios parcialmente salina como consecuencia de su proximidad a las aguas costeras, con una notable influencia de flujos de agua dulce. Las autoridades competentes en la zona, Confederacion Hidrografica Mino-Sil (CHMS) y Administracao da Regiao Hidrografica do Norte I. P. (ARHN), subdivididen el estuario en cuatro y cinco masas respectivamente, segun el sistema B de la DMA. El proyecto TEAM-Mino reune socios cientificos y de las administraciones publicas de ambas orillas del rio Mino, con el fin de desarrollar en su estuario herramientas comunes para la implementacion coordinada de la DMA. Durante el desarrollo del proyecto se ha visto la posibilidad de reducir el numero de masas de agua presentes en base al estudio de la salinidad y la distribucion de la flora y fauna en la zona. En los sistemas estuaricos la salinidad minima alcanzada suele estar proxima a cero, por lo que se opto por estudiar la salinidad maxima ya que tiene un mayor valor discriminante a la hora de clasificar las masas de agua. Con los datos de salinidad (datos de bajamar y pleamar desde 2006 a 2012) y de distribucion de especies (del gasteropodo bivalvo dulceacuicula Corbicula fluminea y del alga marina Fucus sp.) recopilados de la bibliografia disponible y de muestreos propios, se llevo a cabo el geoprocesado de la informacion (georeferenciado, interpolado, algebra de mapas y reclasificado) obteniendo como resultado la propuesta de unificacion de las masas 3 y 4 (propuestas por CHMS y ARHN) en una unica masa con caracteristicas similares en cuanto a las variables estudiadas
Abstract Insulin is an important biotherapeutic protein, and it is also a model protein used to study amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The preparation of the protein can lead to small amounts of aggregate in the solution, which in turn may lead to irreproducible in vitro results. Using several pre‐treatment methods, we have determined that pH cycling and diafiltration of the insulin removes microaggregates that may be present in the solution. These microaggregates were not detectable with traditional biochemical methods, but using small‐angle neutron scattering, we were able to show that pH cycling reduces the radius of gyration of the insulin. Diafiltration removes the aggregates by size and pH cycling dissolves the aggregates by adjusting the pH through the pI of the protein. Pre‐treating the insulin with either pH cycling or diafiltration allowed reproducible kinetics of fibrillation for the insulin protein. Microaggregates are a common problem in protein production, formulation, and preparation; here we show that they are the main cause for inconsistent behavior and how pH cycling and diafiltration can mitigate this problem. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:237–241. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract BACKGROUND: The efficacy of common fungicides to control downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ) in vines decreases when the same commercial formulations are applied over several years. For this reason, new commercial formulations (containing new fungicides) have to offer to grape‐growers to increase the efficacy of antifungal treatments. The efficacy of five new commercial formulations (Cabrio Top, Equation Pro, Fantic M, Mikal Premium and Fobeci) to control downy mildew in an experimental vineyard producing white grapes ( Vitis vinifera cv. Godello) was studied. All these products have in common a new fungicide (pyraclostrobin, famoxadone, benalaxyl‐M, iprovalicarb and benalaxyl, respectively) in their chemical formulation. RESULTS: Two commercial formulations, Cabrio Top and Fobeci, gave the highest efficacy to control this fungal disease. Once treated white grapes were harvested, the fate of these fungicides from vine to wine was studied. The white winemaking process allowed the dissipation of fungicide residues in high percentages (∼95%), except for iprovalicarb (45%). Concentrations in final filtered white wines were close to or lower than 0.01 mg L −1 for all detected fungicides except iprovalicarb and fludioxonil. The following dissipation rate was found: famoxadone > cyprodinil > pyraclostrobin > benalaxyl > folpet > fludioxonil > benalaxyl‐M > penconazole > iprovalicarb. CONCLUSION: From the data obtained in the vinification process, estimated maximum residue levels for white wines were proposed for future EU legislation to control the presence of pesticides in white wines. Thereby one helps to assure also the wine quality and protection of consumer health. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
