目的 从社会、医院、患者等几个方面因素分析医疗纠纷出现的原因,探讨如何有效防止药房在药事活动中引发的医疗纠纷.方法 通过加强管理、强化优质服务意识、完善药学服务、提高法律意识等方法来预防药事纠纷.结果 通过以七措施的实施,提高了服务质量,有效防止和减少了差错事故和医疗纠纷的发生.结论 药学人员必须树立以人为本的服务理念,充分意识到良好的职业道德、优良的工作作风是防止医疗纠纷的根本所在.依靠完善的规章制度,药房在药事活动中引发的医疗纠纷是可以减少和避免的。
Buckling limits the slenderness of steel columns in applications. This highly efficient technology, using prestressed (PS) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips to reinforce steel columns against overall buckling, can be applied in new structures or to strengthen existing structures, and is easy to construct. The buckling behavior of PS CFRP-reinforced steel columns is studied with axial and eccentric compression tests. Axial compression tests are conducted on 8 specimens with three different slenderness values (105, 140, and 200); eccentric compression tests are conducted on PS specimens of slenderness 105 with four different eccentric ratios (0, 1, 2, and 3). The buckling capacity and failure modes are obtained. The obvious reinforcing efficiency is achieved by PS CFRP; the buckling capacity of PS specimens can be increased by 19%–150%. The whole loading procedure is analyzed in detail to further explain the mechanism of PS CFRP reinforcing. Four possible critical states are determined, whose order depends on the reinforcing conditions and influences the cause of buckling, which is either material yielding or slacking of the concave side CFRP. Finally, a simplified model of reinforcing efficiency is preliminarily built based on the test results.
Lunar habitat construction is a critical engineering requirement in lunar exploration missions, characterized by unique structural and material challenges distinct from Earth. To meet the demands of in situ large-scale construction in extreme lunar environments, a general mode of “Prefabricated core module & Inflatable structure & In situ materials structure” is adopted. This work analyzed the structural internal forces and foundation bearing capacity for lunar habitats, highlighting the significance of structural tensile performance and the foundation's allowable bearing capacity. A construction scheme based on regolith bags is proposed, encompassing architectural and structural design, and long-term planning. Multiscale experimental investigations conducted on “material, component, structure, and construction” levels confirm the excellent properties of regolith bag. Aramid fabric and CUG lunar regolith simulant were chosen for material and component testing, focusing on evaluating the regolith bag's performance under tension and compression. Successful construction demonstrations of a regolith bag arch structure and a regolith bag – airbag structural unit validate the feasibility of this construction scheme. Conclusively, the proposed lunar habitat construction scheme based on regolith bag technology provides a viable and efficient method for in situ lunar construction.
No abstract is provided for this article.
ABSTRACT: With the development of new structural materials including FRP (fiber reinforced polymer), glass, stainless steel, the performance of structures have a great change from the steel and the steel reinforced concrete structures. The conventional ductility index that describes the inelastic deformation capacity for the traditional materials cannot longer suit the structures with new materials. A new term, "deformability", has been proposed to extend the concept of the ductility. In this paper, more than ten existing definitions of performance indices for the flexural members are reviewed. A new concept that is design-aimed state is defined relative to ultimate failure state after carrying out analysis based on the comparison in term of concepts and methodologies of the reviewed indices. A new approach to achieve the uniform performance indices and to determine the design-aimed state is proposed also. A set of uniform performance indices, including the deformability index D, the strength index S, the deformation energy index Y and the overall performance index F are presented. The moment-curvature curve of five type of flexural members, including steel beam, steel-reinforced concrete beam, prestressed concrete beam, FRP bars reinforced concrete beam and all-FRP beam, are analyzed using the suggested indices. F-factor is suggested to determine the design-aimed point for all flexural members.
Fatigue failure is brittle and sudden and is one of the main problems with steel members and connections. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and laminates have been shown to be effective and practical for strengthening steel under fatigue loading regardless of the existence of initial cracks. Many studies have examined the fatigue behaviors of CFRP strengthened steel, but fatigue design guides or available programs for designers and engineers are limited. Thus, based on existing design codes and guidance for pure steel under fatigue loading (e.g., Design Guide for Circular and Rectangular Hollow Section Welded Joints under Fatigue Loading and Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components), this paper proposes fatigue design guides and programs for CFRP strengthened steel structures. First, for steel without initial fatigue cracks, Classification method is adopted along with a related calculation method for obtaining the reduced stress range of steel after strengthening. Then, a classification table for hybrid CFRP-steel members is given to illustrate where to glue CFRP sheets or laminates and the correct fiber orientation. Second, for steel with initial fatigue cracks, fracture mechanics are adopted to obtain the reduced stress range. This paper considers debonding at the crack tip using the finite element method (FEM) and introduces a coefficient d to enlarge the range of the stress intensity factor (SIF). Then, a program called “EasyFatigueforFSS” (Easy Fatigue design for FRP Strengthened Steel) is developed to calculate the available life or allowable stress. Finally, typical design examples are given for reference.
We present a monolithic ultraviolet (UV) image sensor based on a standard CMOS process. A compact UV sensitive device structure is designed as a pixel for the image sensor. This UV image sensor consists of a CMOS pixel array, high-voltage switches, a readout circuit and a digital control circuit. A 16 × 16 image sensor prototype chip is implemented in a 0.18 μm standard CMOS logic process. The pixel and image sensor were measured. Experimental results demonstrate that the image sensor has a high sensitivity of 0.072 V/(mJ/cm2) and can capture a UV image. It is suitable for large-scale monolithic bio-medical and space applications.
OFR (outside filament-wound reinforcement) is an effective configuration to improve the performance of FRP bridge decks. It can enhance the transverse stiffness of FRP decks and restrict the swelling and dispreading trends of the FRP components to increase the ultimate load and deformation capacity of FRP decks. The new generation of FRP bridge deck with OFR, named HD deck, was designed. Four HD decks were manufactured and tested in static and fatigue loads. The results show that the HD decks satisfy the demands of China Bridge Design Codes. The efficiency of OFR was verified. Based on the results, the reinforcement mechanism was analyzed.
The kinked rebar configuration proposed by the authors has previously demonstrated improved seismic performance and progressive collapse resistance through quasi-static tests on reinforced concrete (RC) beams and plane RC frame substructures. In this paper, shaking table tests were conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of the novel RC frame structure with kinked rebar beams and post-yield hardening columns. The beams of the proposed frame included longitudinal bars with a kinked rebar configuration, while carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars were adopted in the columns to achieve post-yield hardening behavior. A 1/4-scale 4-story novel RC frame was designed, constructed, and tested, with three ground motion records of varying intensity levels used in the shaking table tests. The results showed that the inter-story and residual drift ratios of the proposed novel frame were effectively reduced compared to the conventional frame, indicating better seismic performance and self-centering capability. Additionally, the damage of the novel frame was first observed at beam ends and gradually became more severe with increasing seismic intensity. However, no obvious damage was observed at column ends, even under an extremely large earthquake. Thus, a “strong column-weak beam” failure mode of the novel RC frame structure was successfully achieved, and its repairability was effectively improved.
The fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP) woven web structure(WWS) is an innovative large-span spatial structure composed of FRP strips.The FRP strips are crossed each other and woven to form a flexible web plane,and then the web is stressed integrally in an outer plane.The WWS is a tensegrity spatial structure system made of flexible members of several mechanical statues.The basic assumptions,the fundamental mechanical model,and the equations of the simple FRP WWS of ring beams and central symmetry FRP strips are studied.The equations are drawn.Based on the equations,three load cases of FRP WWS including integrally pre-stressed in an outer plane,the whole span load and half span load are analyzed in theoretical method.The numerical calculations of a simplified FRP WWS are conducted.The fundamental mechanical model of FRP WWS is established,and the theoretical approach for analyzing FRP WWS is concluded.Those provide the theoretical method for calculating of FRP WWS.Through the parameter analysis,the influence principals of parameters on stiffness of structure in service state are studied,which can be referred for the preliminary design of FRP WWS.
针对252Cf源驱动噪声分析测量法中核材料浓度识别问题,采用压缩感知理论,在K最近邻(KNN)识别算法基础上,研究了一种基于压缩采样的K最近邻（CSKNN）分类识别方法,进而研究并分析了CSKNN方法的识别概率。实验结果表明,CSKNN分类识别方法只需少量的观测值(观测比M/N0.1),即可达到分类识别的目的；当信噪比提高时,识别概率将会以更快的速度收敛至100%,且对K值的敏感程度也会随之降低。这样,不仅提高了核军控核查的实时性,而且还有效降低了采样成本,为核材料浓度的在线判读提供了一种新的理论基础和实现方法。
This study is concerned with the classification of soft-rock tunnels which could instruct the tunnel construction more efficiently and effectively. It is difficult for NATM which is based on the geological classification to adapt to soft-rock tunnel construction. Through comparative study of the numerical models with different surrounding rock and different cross-sectional dimensions, the deformation characteristics of the soft-rock tunnel is put forward. Soft-rock tunnel is divided into four classes: A, B 1 , B 2 and C. The classification is based on the proportion of the advanced displacement in the total radial displacement and the value of tunnel face extrusion. According to the different characteristics of these four classes of soft-rock tunnel, a high-speed construction with reinforcements of the surrounding rock in front of the face is put forward. The characteristics of the four classes of soft-rock tunnels are: In the general initial support conditions, the proportion of the advanced displacement in the total radial displacement of Class-A tunnels is low, which enables them to achieve self-stabilization. The corresponding proportions of Class-B 1 and Class-B 2 tunnels are beyond the limit, which can only enable them to achieve short-term stability. The extrusion of Class-B 2 tunnel’s face is larger but it does not break the limit. The extrusion of Class-C tunnels breaks the limit which cannot maintain stability if without face reinforcements.
龙仁夫的易学思想是宋代易学尤其是朱子易学在元代的进一步发展。他继承了朱子“易本义”的易学诠释方向，并吸收了前期易象学的成果，突出了“象”在筮占设教以及《易经》意、象、辞、占体系中的作用和地位。龙氏以“象辞相应之理”为关键，从取象范围和观象方法两个方面考察并推进了东汉的易象学理论；其易象学并非是东汉易学的简单复归，而主要是对朱熹易象、易占理论的继承和发展；龙氏易学的主旨为“即象诂意”与“以象解占”。他以“象”为核心，从筮占与象义两个关键点对《易经》所作的诠释是较为全面和深刻的。
Fibers applied to reinforce the cementitious matrix exhibit a wide range of scales, from distributed carbon nanomaterials, chopped short fibers to continuous fibrous reinforcements. When a cementitious matrix is jointly toughened by reinforcing fibers at multiple scales, Multi-Scale Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite (MSFRC) tailored built on the micromechanics-based approach and bond-slip mechanism is proposed in this study. The composite actions of MSFRC, namely, tension stiffening, ductility enhancing and synergetic effects, are explained within a universal perspective. In addition, a 1-D numerical model using spring elements is developed to simulate the tensile behavior of MSFRC based on the crack band theory, fiber-bridging model and Monte Carlo simulation. The scales, types and contents of reinforcing fibers, interface behavior and stochastic nature can be considered in the model. Finally, it is found that the predicted mechanical response and crack evolution process match well with the experimental results obtained from literatures.
The three associated genes RPS5, RPS6, and RPS16 were markedly related to degree of T cell infiltration and immune-related activated. We identified their potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets associated with the extent of CD8+ T cell infiltration in GBM.
