It is of great significance to establish a suitable irrigation regime for the artificial propagation of native plant Lespedeza potaninii in arid areas. Taking the wild excellent herbage L. potaninii from desert steppe of Ningxia as test material, we set up an experiment with nine irrigation regimes (three irrigation times of 2, 3, and 4 times, crossed with three irrigation quotas of 150, 250, and 350 m3·hm-2) to select the best regime by investigating the effects of different irrigation regimes on the agronomic characteristics related to seed production, seed yield and quality, as well as water use efficiency. We found that the irrigation time and quota had significant effect on plant height, branch number, reproductive branch number, inflorescence number, pod number, pod seed number, and the thousand-seed weight. The highest seed yield was obtained in the T3 treatment (irrigating 2 times, 350 m3·hm-2 for each time), which was 49.4% higher than that of the T8 treatment (irrigating 4 times, 250 m3·hm-2 for each time). The T4 treatment (irrigating 3 times, each time 150 m3·hm-2) had the highest water use efficiency. The germination rate and the germination potential of seeds under the T3 treatment were the highest, reaching 88.0% and 84.7%, respectively. The T3 treatment was the suitable irrigation regime for the artificial propagation of L. potaninii seeds based on a comprehensive evaluation using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method.
Abstract The effect of high Cu2+ stress on fermentation performance and copper biosorption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BH8 during wine fermentation was investigated in this paper. Under high Cu2+ stress, the cell growth and survival rate of yeast BH8 were inhibited. With different copper concentration, the effect on cell growth of yeast BH8 was different. What’s more, high Cu2+ stress could inhibit the fermentation property, alcohol production and reducing sugar utilization of yeast BH8 in Chardonnay grape must, but not significant. And the trend of the copper ion concentration falling down was consistent with the trend of yeast growth rising up, meanwhile the copper content was still much less than the initial concentration after fermentation. In addition, yeast BH8 showed a good fermenting property and copper removal ability under high Cu2+ stress. These results could provide certain reference and some new data for the wine industry to face the copper pollution risk.
Endophytes are symbiotic microbes that are mutually beneficial to the plant host and whose number and diversity affect the strength of plant resistance to stresses. The infection of sweetpotato with the scab pathogen can lead to yield losses. However, little is known about how the endophytic flora in sweetpotato respond to scab pathogen infection. This study used high-throughput amplicon sequencing with Illumina’s MiSeq PE300 platform ITS and the 16SrRNA gene to analyze the composition and distribution of endophytic flora in the roots, stems, and leaves of sweetpotato plants infected with scab disease and those of healthy plants. The dominant endophytic fungi in sweetpotato were Ascomycota, while the dominant endophytic bacteria were Proteobacteria. The diversity of endophytic fungi in the healthy plants followed a root > stem > leaf trend, while an opposite trend was observed in the infected plants. The diversity pattern of endophytic bacterial flora showed a root > stem > leaf trend in both healthy and infected plants. The scab pathogen Elsinoë was classified under OTU87 and was enriched in the leaves and stems of the infected plants. OTU87 was negatively correlated with Acaulospora and positively correlated with eight other fungal taxa, including Cladosporium.Future research should focus on exploring potential biocontrol fungal resources for sweetpotato scab.
Lightweight, high‐performance networks are important in vision perception systems. Recent research on convolutional neural networks has shown that attention mechanisms can significantly improve the network performance. However, existing approaches either ignore the significance of using both types of attention mechanisms (channel and space) simultaneously or increase the model complexity. In this study, we propose the adaptive attention module (AAM), which is a truly lightweight yet effective module that comprises channel and spatial submodules to balance model performance and complexity. The AAM initially utilizes the channel submodule to generate intermediate channel‐refined features. In this module, an adaptive mechanism enables the model to autonomously learn the weights between features extracted by global max pooling and global average pooling to adapt to different stages of the model, thus enhancing performance. The spatial submodule employs a group‐interact‐aggregate strategy to enhance the expression of important features. It groups the intermediate channel‐refined features along the channel dimension into multiple subfeatures for parallel processing and generates spatial attention feature descriptors and channelwise refined subfeatures for each subfeature; subsequently, it aggregates all the refined subfeatures and employs a “channel shuffle” operator to transfer information between different subfeatures, thereby generating the final refined features and adaptively emphasizing important regions. Additionally, AAM is a plug‐and‐play architectural unit that can be directly used to replace standard convolutions in various convolutional neural networks. Extensive tests on CIFAR‐100, ImageNet‐1k, BDD100K, and MS COCO demonstrate that AAM improves the baseline network performance under various models and tasks, thereby validating its versatility.
To investigate the effect of two methods of pigmentation on the flexural strength of dental Y-TZP/porcelain layered structure.KaVo zirconia substructures were pigmented by dipping presintered blocks in the coloring solution VITA LL1 and LL5, and colored TZ-3YS zirconia substructures were fabricated by adding pigments before isostatic pressing. The colors No.1 and No.5 were used for the test. The specimens were made in monolithic or bilayered forms, and the flexural strength was tested. XRD and SEM with EDX were used to analyze the characteristics of the surface structure.In KaVo group, no significant differences were found in the flexural strength between white and LL1 and LL5 colored monoclinic materials, nor in bilayered structures. While in TZ-3YS group, significant differences were noted in the flexural strength between color No.5 white and color No.1 monoclinic materials, but not between the latter two subgroups. The flexural strength was significantly lowered by veneering with porcelain in both zirconia groups, and similar findings were observed with the monoclinic materials. Only the tetragonal phase was detected in both of the zirconia groups.Pigmentation has no apparent effects on the bonding strength between the veneering porcelain and zirconia. Both coloring methods are appropriate when the concentration of the pigments is under deliberate control.
In a deregulated environment of the power market, in order to lower their energy price and guarantee the stability of the power network, appropriate transmission lines have to be considered for electricity generators to sell their energy to the end users. This paper proposes a game-theoretic power transmission scheduling for multiple generators to lower their wheeling cost. Based on the embedded cost method, a wheeling cost model consisting of congestion cost, cost of losses and cost of transmission capacity is presented. By assuming each generator behaves in a selfish and rational way, the competition among the multiple generators is formulated as a non-cooperative game, where the players are the generators and the strategies are their daily schedules of power transmission. We will prove that there exists at least one pure-strategy Nash equilibrium of the formulated power transmission game. Moreover, a distributed algorithm will be provided to realize the optimization in terms of minimizing the wheeling cost. Finally, simulations were performed and discussed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed non-cooperative game approach for the generators in a deregulated environment.
