Publications

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system characterized by persistent hyperglycemia appears due to the deficiency or ineffective use of insulin. The glucose level of diabetic patients increases after every meal and medically recommended drugs are used to control hyperglycemia. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are used as antidiabetic medicine to delay the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates. Acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose are commercial drugs but patients suffer side effects of flatulence, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of hunger. To explore a new antidiabetic drug, a series of benzotriazinone carboxamides was synthesized and their alpha-glucosidase inhibition potentials were measured using <i>in vitro</i> experiments. The compounds <b>14k</b> and <b>14l</b> were found to be strong inhibitors compared to the standard drug acarbose with IC₅₀ values of 27.13 ± 0.12 and 32.14 ± 0.11 μM, respectively. <i>In silico</i> study of <b>14k</b> and <b>14l</b> was carried out using molecular docking to identify the type of interactions developed between these compounds and enzyme sites. Both potent compounds <b>14k</b> and <b>14l</b> exhibited effective docking scores by making their interactions with selected amino acid residues. Chemical hardness and orbital energy gap values were investigated using DFT studies and results depicted affinity of <b>14k</b> and <b>14l</b> towards biological molecules. All computational findings were found to be in good agreement with <i>in vitro</i> results.

Electrochemical water splitting, as a promising sustainable‐energy technology, has been limited by its slow kinetics and large overpotential. This shortcoming necessitates the design of 1D nanocatalysts with large surface area, high electronic conductivity, and easily tunable composition. Herein, recent progress about electrocatalytic water splitting based on the advanced electrospun nanomaterials is reviewed. First, the related fundamentals of electrochemical water splitting according to two main aspects are discussed as follows: hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Second, the structure design and the electrocatalytic properties of electrospun nanomaterials according to difference in component (including single metal‐based electrocatalysts, metal alloy‐based electrocatalysts, metal oxide‐based electrocatalysts, metal sulfide‐based electrocatalysts, metal phosphide‐based electrocatalysts, metal carbide‐based electrocatalysts, etc.) are summarized. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges for designing next‐generation 1D electrospun nanocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting are concluded.

Backdoor attacks significantly threaten machine learning-based vision systems. Existing detection methods typically require clean data from a similar distribution as the dataset under inspection, limiting practical deployment. This work proposes a Mutation-Based Method (MBM) for detecting and filtering backdoored samples in image training dataset, without referencing any external clean data. MBM aims at distinguishing backdoored and benign samples distribution via their distinct stability in feature space under certain data augmentations. Firstly, MBM applies multiple data augmentation techniques, generating mutated versions of each sample to ‘deactivate’ potential triggers while maintaining natural semantics not heavily distorted. Secondly, MBM measures how sample features diverge after mutating from its origin as poison score, which we call ‘Feature Stability’. Thirdly, by analyzing extreme scores within each class, MBM effectively identifies the backdoored class, and isolates samples not from backdoored class as clean data. Finally, a benign distribution is fit to benchmark against backdoored samples from backdoored class. We validated MBM on the CIFAR-10 dataset, achieving a true positive rate above 95% and a false positive rate below 0.2% for all defense settings. Our results confirm MBM’s efficacy without reliance on external clean data.

Abstract Starting compounds (I) are prepared in two steps from dehydroacetic acid and phenylenediamine.

An exquisite branch–leaf CNF@CoSSe@C was designed and fabricated, which favorably affords rich electrochemistry-active sites and multi-dimensional interconnected ion-transport channels, thus endowing superior sodium-storage lifespan over 13 000 cycles.

Water serves as a key component in the basis of life to function and evolve unceasingly. Excessive deterioration of fresh water resources through discarding enormous amounts of dye effluents is becoming a problem of concern. In this work we report a conventional solid-state technique improved with choline chloride: urea DES medium in 1:2 ratio for synthesizing pure calcium titanate (CTO) and lanthanum doped calcium titanate (LaxCa1-xTiO3; x = 0.0 and 0.5). Both the materials were subjected to photocatalytically degrade reactive dyes RB5, RR198 and RY145. La-doped calcium titanate showed effective degradation efficiency when compared to the pure calcium titanate. On increasing the concentration of the dye, the efficiency of degradation declined gradually. Also, the efficiency was assessed to be greatest for RY145 followed by RR198 and lastly RB5. Efficiency dependence on different pH exposed the enhanced degradation in acidic medium and comparatively lowered pH in basic medium. Recyclability was highly satisfying and promising to validate the real-time applicability of the catalyst.