873 publications from this institution
In this paper we present a formal analysis that incorporates returns to transportation into a Ricardian framework to predict trade patterns. The important point gained from this analysis is that increasing returns to transportation, coupled with appropriate distances between trading partners, can be shown to reverse Ricardian predictions even when there are no international differences in tastes, technology, or factor endowments. Additional gains from trade may emerge from reductions in aggregate delivery costs owing to scale economies.
Questions of convergence have received increasing attention in recent years, in light of the pressure for greater integration and enlargement of the European Union [EU] to countries in Central and Eastern Europe [CEE]. This paper looks at the evidence for convergence of per capita income between regions in Europe in the second half of the 1990s, when economic recovery in CEE gathered pace. The analysis is based on the simplest of the models, the unconditional s-convergence model and shows that the classical test methodology is ill-designed due to two reasons. First, it cannot identify groupings of regional economies that are converging. Second, it neglects spatial effects that represent interregional interactions and spatial spillovers. The paper suggests a much richer and theoretically more satisfactory approach that is in line with both the notions of club convergence and spatial dependence, and reflects recent developments in spatial econometrics. The two-club spatial error convergence model with groupwise heteroskedasticity is found to be most appropriate for the data at hand. Two empirical key findings are worthwhile to note. The first is that the data provide much support for unconditional beta-convergence in Europe. The second is that the usual convergence conclusions hold. But they do so for reasons that are not revealed by the classical test equation that is typical in mainstream economics literature.
The objective of this paper is to increase our ability to understand the systems of innovation approach as a flexible and useful conceptual framework for innovation analysis. It presents an effort to develop some missing links and to decrease the conceptual noise often present in the discussions on national innovation systems. The paper specifies elements and relations that seem to be essential to the conceptual core of the framework and argues that there is no a priori reason to emphasise the national over the subnational [regional] scale as an appropriate mode for analysis, irrespective of time and place. Localised input-output relations between the actors of the system, knowledge spillovers and their untraded interdependencies lie at the centre of the arguments. The paper is organised as follows. It introduces the reader, first, to some basic elements and concepts that are central to understanding the approach. The characteristics of the innovation process are examined: its nature, sources and some of the factors shaping its development. Particular emphasis is laid on the role of knowledge creation and dissemination based on the fundamental distinction between codified and tacit forms. These concepts recur throughout the paper and particularly in discussions on the nature and specifications of the systems approach. The paper concludes by summarising some of the major findings of the discussion and pointing to some directions for future research activities. (author's abstract)
Raised beach sand deposits along the southeastern coast of Norway were dated by optical (OSL) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and the quartz and K-feldspar luminescence characteristics were described. Due to the poor quartz luminescence characteristics, only a limited number of samples were suitable for OSL dating. More promising are the K-feldspar extracts, with typical K-feldspar luminescence characteristics and no sign of fading. For equivalent dose (De ) determination, sand-size quartz and feldspar extracts were used, applying a single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocol. Both, OSL and IRSL De estimates show a wide distribution, unexpected for beach deposits. The calculated OSL and IRSL age estimates were generally in good agreement and the correctness of the ages was confirmed by independent age control. Because only a limited number of the quartz samples were suitable for OSL dating, IRSL dating of the K-feldspar represents an alternative to OSL quartz dating.
The paper is concerned with the impact of market research prior to integration, on the structures of noncompetitive industries in integrated economy. The analysis focuses on separated, single commodity, monopolistic markets with stochastic demand. Monopolistic firms are considered in dynamic multiperiod model, where intertemporal links are determined by expenditures on market research in a present period and benefits from this activity (i.e., smaller variance of the prediction error) in the future. Assuming that each firm maximizes its total discounted expected utility from profit in indefinite time, we show that the optimal market research strategy is stationary and depends on market size. Consequently, in the period following integration firms operating prior to integration in small markets (such as Slovenia, Czech Republic, Hungary or Estonia) are expected to have much less information about the integrated market than their competitors operating before integration on European market. This informational asymmetry may affect the structure of the industry in integrated economy. In the extreme case, the firm operating before integration in the small market can be ruled out from the integrated market.
The design of a spatial Framework in multi- and interregional modelling is a crucial element of the research process. In this paper an attempt is made to present some empirical evidence with respect to two hypotheses, the scale hyothesis and the aggregation hypothesis. This will be achieved by estimating the parameters and testing the performance of a multiregional labour supply model for Austria. Five regionalisation approaches are specified for delineating (functional) labour market regions. The paper shows that it is by no means admissible to ignore possible effects of the spatial representation choice. The fundamental question of which regionalisation should be chosen should be decided on the basis of relevant evaluation criteria.
A novel product unit neural network approach is presented for modelling origin constrained spatial interaction flows. We adopt the Alopex procedure, a global search procedure, in combination with the bootstrapping pairs approach to address the issue of maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. A benchmark comparison illustrates the generalisation performance of the model approach in terms of Kullback and Leibler's information criterion.
This chapter offers a review on modern entrepreneurship analysis, against the background of regional development. After a conceptual discussion on the importance and the measurement of entrepreneurship, the contribution discusses success factors and determinants of entrepreneurships. Next, focus is laid on the geography of entrepreneurship, while also due attention is paid to the relevance of networks for modern entrepreneurship. The chapter concludes with some retrospective and prospective remarks.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert die Frage der Thromboseprophylaxe im Rahmen der Radiosynoviorthese mit posttherapeutischer Immobilisierung anhand eines aktuellen Fallbeispiels. Hierbei sind für jeden Patienten die möglichen Vorteile gegen potenzielle Risiken wie Blutung und heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie abzuwägen. Die nuklearmedizinische Gelenktherapie ist nach chirurgischer bzw. perioperativer Klassifikation analog zu kleinen oder mittleren Eingriffen mit geringer Verletzung am ehesten in die Gruppe „niedriges Risiko” einzustufen, sofern auch bei dem betreffenden Patienten keine weiteren Risikofaktoren vorliegen. In diesen Fällen wird wegen der möglichen Nebenwirkungen eine generelle Thromboembolie-Prophylaxe nicht empfohlen. Nach Radiosynoviorthese an zwei Gelenken derselben unteren Extremität mit konsekutiv gelenkübergreifender Ruhigstellung ist jedoch von einem mittleren Thromboserisiko auszugehen. Bei diesen Patienten wie auch bei Vorliegen von zwei oder mehr Risiken für eine Thromboembolie ist eine entsprechende Prophylaxe zwingend erforderlich. Hierzu bieten sich vor allem Fertigspritzen mit niedermolekularem Heparin an. Auch wenn klinisch relevante Nebenwirkungen selten sind, sollten bei durchgeführter Thromboembolie-Prophylaxe die Thrombozytenwerte vor und 1- bis 2-mal während der Heparingabe kontrolliert werden. Bei akuten Blutungen, zerebralen Aneurysmen und Aorta dissecans ist die Thromboembolie-Prophylaxe strikt kontraindiziert; bei gleichzeitiger Gabe von NSAR, Plättchenaggregationshemmern und Valproinsäure sollte die Indikation sehr streng gestellt werden. In jedem Fall ist eine genaue mündliche und schriftliche Aufklärung des Patienten erforderlich.
'Pear Breeding' published in 'Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species'
The Centre for Workplace Leadership was invited by a major Australian retail business to conduct research on the company. The CEO wished to have a solid basis of evidence on which to improve communication, innovation and decisionmaking in the company. The research took place over a year between mid-2014 and mid-2015. It involved interviews with staff at all levels, from CEO to frontline business staff. Key Findings: The analysis of communication, innovation and decision-making processes found three main issues that were impacting organisational effectiveness. These were: • shifting to hierarchical leadership had reduced employee engagement; • increased bureaucracy had reinforced organisational silos; • top-down decision-making had crowded out collaboration and innovation. Each of these findings is described in more detail below, along with quotes from the interviews.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This paper explores the relationship between household income inequality and macroeconomic uncertainty in the United States. Using a novel large-scale macroeconometric model, we shed light on regional disparities of inequality responses to a national uncertainty shock. The results suggest that income inequality decreases in most states, with a pronounced degree of heterogeneity in terms of the dynamic responses. By contrast, some few states, mostly located in the Midwest, display increasing levels of income inequality over time. Forecast error variance and historical decompositions highlight the importance of uncertainty shocks in explaining income inequality in most regions considered. Finally, we explain differences in the responses of income inequality by means of a simple regression analysis. These regressions reveal that the income composition as well as labor market fundamentals determine the directional pattern of the dynamic responses.
Die Radiosynoviorthese in der Hand erfahrener nuklearmedizinischer Therapeuten ist eine sichere und effektive Methode zur lokalen Behandlung nicht bakteriell entzündeter, synovitischer Gelenke <xref idref="R08-01-16-0006">6</xref>. Dank konsequenter Umsetzung der Sicherheitsstandards ist die Zahl der Komplikationen sehr gering <xref idref="R08-01-16-0008">8</xref>. Neben Beachtung der strahlenschutzrechtlichen Vorgaben ist die konsequente Beachtung der Hygiene erforderlich, um potentielle schwere Nebenwirkungen der Radiosynoviorthese zu vermeiden. Der aktuelle Stand der erforderlichen Hygienemaßnahmen mit praktischen Hinweisen zur Durchführung wird im Artikel beschrieben.
The focus of this study is on regional knowledge production activities in Europe, with special emphasis on the interplay between agglomeration and network effects. As increasingly considered in economic geography and regional science in the recent past, regional knowledge production activities, on the one hand, still remain geographically bounded; on the other hand, knowledge production activities have become increasingly interwoven and internationalized, emphasizing the crucial importance of region-external knowledge sources for a region’s knowledge production capacity. The objective of the study is to estimate to what extent agglomeration and network effects influence knowledge production activities at the level of European regions. We use an extended regional knowledge production function framework as basis for the study, and derive a spatial Durbin model (SDM) relationship that can be used for empirical testing. The European coverage is achieved using 241 NUTS-2 regions covering the EU-25 member states. The dependent variable, knowledge production activity, is measured in terms of patent counts at the regional level in the time period 1998-2008, using patents applied at the European Patent Office (EPO). The independent variables include an agglomeration index, measured in terms of population density, and the regional participation intensity in the European network of R&D cooperation, measured in terms of the number of participations of a region in R&D joint ventures funded by the European Commission under the heading of the EU Framework programs (FPs). By this we are able to estimate the distinct effects of network participation and agglomeration on regional knowledge production. In our modeling framework, we further control for total regional R&D expenditures as widely used in regional knowledge production function frameworks and its empirical applications. In estimating the effects, we implement a panel version of the standard SDM that controls for spatial autocorrelation as well as individual heterogeneity across regions. The specification incorporates a spatial lag of the dependent variable as well as spatial lags of the independent variables. This allows for the estimation of spatial spillovers of agglomeration and network effects from neighboring regions by calculating scalar summary measures of impacts. The estimation results are expected to provide sketches of policy implications in a European and regional policy context. JEL Classification: R11, O31, C21 Keywords: Regional knowledge production, Agglomerations effects, R&D networks, European Framework Programs, knowledge production function, panel spatial Durbin model
Sanddorn erfreut sich aufgrund seiner wertvollen Inhaltsstoffe und deren vielseitiger Nutzbarkeit als „neue Obstart“ wachsender Beliebtheit. Au
A general framework is presented for communication behavior where contact decisions play an important role. The contact decision component of the conceptual framework is analyzed in detail and empirically tested using stated preference models of contact decision behavior, Face-to-face interviews were conducted in six universities representing classical schools, business schools, and technological schools in Austria and Switzerland. The empirical results indicate the importance of the contact decision context variables in general, and in particular the perceived attractiveness of specific contact places in different cultural regions, cost, and language skills of the potential contact partner.
The Handbook of Regional Science is a multi-volume reference work providing a state-of-the-art knowledge on regional science composed by renowned scientists in the field. The Handbook is intended to serve the academic needs of graduate students, and junior and senior scientists in regional science and related fields, with an interest in studying local and regional socio-economic issues.The multi-volume handbook seeks to cover the field of regional science comprehensively, including areas such as location theory and analysis, regional housing and labor markets, regional economic growth, innovation and regional economic development, new and evolutionary economic geography, location and interaction, the environment and natural resources, spatial analysis and geo-computation as well as spatial statistics and econometrics.
