Minden elő nyelv valtozik. Valtozik a szokincse, hiszen uj dolgok, uj targyak, fogalmak je- lennek meg az adott nyelvet beszelők vilagaban, es ezeket uj szavakkal, uj kifejezesekkel ne- vezik meg. Ezt mindnyajan tapasztaljuk: egyre uj meg uj szavakat, kifejezeseket tanulunk (sms, okostelefon, IMF, elővigyazatossagi hitel), sok altalunk tudott szo pedig (bekekolcson ’1950–55 kozott: evente kibocsatott, kenyszerűen jegyzett allamkolcson’, kapca ’labfejre te- kert ruhadarab (csizmaban, bakancsban)’, kihamuz ’kalyhabol hamut eltavolit’) mar nem re- sze az ujabb generaciok szokincsenek.
SummarySelf-compatibility and fruit set were assessed in 19 local apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genotypes identified in four different oasis ecosystems in southern Morocco. Observations on pollen tube growth, as well as examinations of the fruit-set percentages obtained after self-pollination in the field, established the compatibility of their pollen. Fourteen genotypes from different geographical origins were self-compatible, with fruit set percentages ranging from 14.8 – 42.2%, whereas five were self-incompatible, with no fruit set. Consequently, almost all the local apricot genotypes propagated by seed in oasis ecosystems in southern Morocco proved to be self-compatible. In addition, the fruit-set percentages after open-pollination showed high variability among genotypes from the same oasis, among locations, and in the 2 years of study, with medium-to-high fruit set percentages for all genotypes, ranging from 11.9 – 30.1%. Self-compatibility has therefore been identified for the first time, not only in Moroccan apricot genotypes, but also in the North African Prunus gene pool.
Japanese plums (P salicina) and cherry plums (P cerasifera) are diploid species, while European plum (P. domestica) cultivars are hexaploids. Most diploid species are self-incompatible while fertility relations of the hexaploid European plums are variable between self-incompatibility and self-compatibility. About twenty S-alleles and six inter-incompatibility groups and one S-haplotype responsible for the self-fruitful phenotype were described in Japanese plum cultivars, but studies on cherry plums and even on the European plum cultivars are severely restricted. This review is focused on the available information obtained from myrobalans and European plums; and discusses recent hypotheses regarding the putative origin of the hexaploid plums, and thereby indicates the possibility of allele flow between different plum species.
The most commercially grown peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cultivars do not require cross-pollination for reasonable fruit set; however, self-incompatibility is a well-known feature within the Prunoideae subfamily. Isoelectric focusing and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S -ribonucleases; PCR analyses of S -RNase and S -haplotype-specific F-box genes as well as DNA sequencing were carried out to survey the self-(in)compatibility allele pool and to uncover the nature of self-compatibility in peach. From 25 cultivars and hybrids with considerable diversity in phenotype and origin, only two S -haplotypes were detected. Allele identity could be checked by exact length determination of the PCR-amplified fragments and/or partial sequencing of the peach S 1 -, S 2 -, and Prunus davidiana (Carr.) Franch. S 1 -RNases. S -RNases of peach were detected to possess ribonuclease activity, and a single nucleotide polymorphism in the S 1 -RNase was shown, which represents a synonymous substitution and does not change the amino acid present at the position in the protein. A 700-bp fragment of the peach SFB gene was PCR-amplified, which is similar to the fragment size of functional Prunus L. SFBs. All data obtained in this study may support the contribution of genes outside the S -locus to the self-compatible phenotype of peaches.
The effect of Cd on chlorophyll (Chl) as well as on light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) accumulation, has been examined during the early stages of development in etiolated Phaseolus vulgaris leaves exposed to intermittent light-dark cycles. We found that at the Cd concentrations studied, both Chl and LHCII accumulation were drastically reduced, although the LDS-solubilized total leaf protein level remained unaffected. However, on the basis of total chlorophyll present, the amount of stabilized LHCII was similar in both Cd-treated and nontreated samples. Additionally, the thylakoid-bound protease known to degrade LHCII, was found to be inhibited by Cd treatment both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, Northern hybridization analysis indicated that Cd affects LHCII accumulation by reducing drastically the steadystate level of Lhcb transcripts
Heavy metal stress induced alterations in the activities of several representatives of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system such as guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were comparatively studied in barley seedlings and alfalfa al- dose reductase overexpressing transgenic tobacco treated by Zn and/or Cd. Although roots were the main sites of metal accumulation, metals induced oxidative damage mainly in the leaves. Our experiments clearly show that the investigated heavy metals have quite different effects on plant metabolism and induce the protective enzymatic system in different ways. Transgenic tobacco plants showed increased tolerance against cadmium induced stress.
European plum is an important fruit crop with complex, hexaploid genome of unknown origin. The characterization of the selfincompatibility (S) locus of 16 European plum cultivars was carried out using the PaConsI-F primer in combination with the EM-PC1consRD primer for the first intron and the EM-PC2consFD and EM-PC3consRD primers for the second intron amplification. Altogether, 18 different alleles were scored indicating high genetic diversity. These alleles were labelled using alphabetical codes from SA to SS. We identified 5 different alleles in 9 cultivars, 4 alleles in 5 cultivars, while 3 alleles were shown in two of the assayed cultivars. A total of 16 different S-genotypes were assigned, and discrimination of all plum cultivars was successful based on their unique S-genotypes. However, further research is required to reliably identify the S-alleles based on their DNA sequence and clarify complete S-genotypes.
