Publications

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 15.8 million men aged 15–49 years in rural China from 2010 to 2014

Etiological Survey on Intellectual Disability in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986

The etiology of intellectual disability was studied both in incident (n = 9,432) and prevalent (n = 9,351) populations in a one-year birth cohort born in Northern Finland in 1985-1986. Data from multiple sources were used to follow the children until the age of 11.5 years. Of the incident cases (n=119) with intellectual disabilities, 66.4% had etiologically biomedical associative factor. Paranatal factors were relatively fewer and prenatal more common compared with earlier studies. We found nearly double the prevalence of genetic factors leading to intellectual disabilities compared with a contemporary study from Norway. The differences between the populations, despite random variation, some dissimilarities between etiological categorization and diagnostic accuracy, are in most part due to true differences between the study populations and genetic pool.

Nucleoside phosphate sugars: syntheses on practical scales for use as reagents in the enzymatic preparation of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleoside phosphate sugars: syntheses on practical scales for use as reagents in the enzymatic preparation of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugatesJurgen E. Heidlas, Kevin W. Williams, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1992, 25, 7, 307–314Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00019a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00019a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views366Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Deformation of spherical cavities and inclusions in fluid-infiltrated elastic materials

The problem of a spherical cavity which is embedded in a linear, fluid-infiltrated, elastic porous medium and which is subjected to the sudden quasi-static application of a stress at the cavity boundary is solved. It is demonstrated that the deformation of the cavity is homogeneous regardless of the boundary condition imposed on the pore fluid at the cavity wall. For the case in which the pore pressure vanishes at the cavity wall, the time dependence of the cavity strain is evaluated explicitly and is shown to vary between the limits of the ordinary linear elastic response based on the short-time (undrained) and on the long-time (drained) properties of the fluid-saturated solid. The results are then used to obtain a relation between the uniform stress or strain applied at infinity and the stress and strain in a highly permeable, possibly non-linear spherical inclusion. The application of this relationship to a study of earthquake premonitory processes based on the deformation of a rock mass with a spherical weakened zone is outlined. It is argued that the fluid coupling effects serve to stabilize the weakened rock against rapid fracture, and give rise instead to a precursory period of accelerating but initially quasi-static straining which ultimately leads to dynamic instability.

Synthesis of Monodisperse Polymers from Proteins

Proteins are functional biopolymers; viewed as molecules, they are also monodisperse polyamides with chemically reactive side chains. This paper describes the use of proteins as starting materials for the synthesis of monodisperse polymers with nonbiological functionalities attached to the side chains. It demonstrates the complete derivatization of amine groups (lysine side chains and N-termini) on three different proteins by addition of activated carboxylate reagents in aqueous solutions containing sodium dedecyl sulfate (SDS), under denaturing conditions. Several different acylating reagents were used to generate derivatized proteins; the resulting compounds constitute a new class of monodisperse, semisynthetic polymers, having the potential for wide variation in the structure of the backbone and of the side chains. Modification of lysozyme on a gram scale demonstrated that the method can generate useful quantities of material.

Diagnostics for the Developing World: Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are a new class of point-of-care diagnostic devices that are inexpensive, easy to use, and designed specifically for use in developing countries. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.)

Association of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets With Mortality Among US Adults

In this study, overall low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were not associated with total mortality. Unhealthy low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were associated with higher total mortality, whereas healthy low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were associated with lower total mortality. These findings suggest that the associations of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with mortality may depend on the quality and food sources of macronutrients.

Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes

CCDC 884474: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

Stress transfer and seismic phenomena in coupled subduction zones during the earthquake cycle

An elementary mechanical model of a coupled subduction zone is presented. It is used to study the transfer of extensional stresses along the underthrusting plate, and shear stress interactions between the plate itself and its thrust contact zone with the overriding plate, during the earthquake cycle. The model assumes an elastic plate which deforms one dimensionally, has shear drag interactions (treated approximately by the Elsasser procedure) with a Maxwellian viscoelastic mantle, and is subject to steady gravitational sinking forces. Great thrust earthquakes are simulated as sudden stress‐relieving displacements at the contact zone between the slab and overriding plate. The model allows analysis of the space‐ and time‐variable stresses in the main thrust zone, the adjacent oceanic plate, and the subducting slab over each earthquake cycle. Stress variations leading to outer‐rise events are discussed, as well as stress changes responsible for intraplate seismicity downdip from the main thrust zone, based on simulations of periodic great earthquakes. The results of simulated slow progression of deformation (slip) from below into the thrust contact zone are also presented. Such preslip, occurring over a time scale that is small in comparison with the whole seismic cycle (e.g., of the order of a tenth or so), is shown to transiently slow the rate of buildup of, or even relieve, extensional stresses in the slab. In the absence of preslip those stresses build up steadily in time during the latter part of the cycle. The results have implications for induction of sesimic quiescence as well as for explaining patterns of seismicity in relation to spatial position along the underthrusting plate and to time throughout the cycle. Correlations are reported between the model simulations and seismicity observations from coupled subduction zones around the world. The observations include tensional outer‐rise events after large subduction earthquakes and compressional ones in the latter parts of the cycle, normal (tensional) intraplate earthquakes preceding the main thrust events and positioned downdip from the thrust zones, and interlaced periods of seismic activity in the lower part of the main thrust zone and in the descending slab.

Exome-wide association study of plasma lipids in >300,000 individuals

Characterizing the Metal–SAM Interface in Tunneling Junctions

This paper investigates the influence of the interface between a gold or silver metal electrode and an n-alkyl SAM (supported on that electrode) on the rate of charge transport across junctions with structure Met(Au or Ag)(TS)/A(CH2)nH//Ga2O3/EGaIn by comparing measurements of current density, J(V), for Met/AR = Au/thiolate (Au/SR), Ag/thiolate (Ag/SR), Ag/carboxylate (Ag/O2CR), and Au/acetylene (Au/C≡CR), where R is an n-alkyl group. Values of J0 and β (from the Simmons equation) were indistinguishable for these four interfaces. Since the anchoring groups, A, have large differences in their physical and electronic properties, the observation that they are indistinguishable in their influence on the injection current, J0 (V = 0.5) indicates that these four Met/A interfaces do not contribute to the shape of the tunneling barrier in a way that influences J(V).

Temperature Distribution in Advanced Power Electronics Systems and the Effect of Phase Change Materials on Temperature Suppression During Power Pulses

A thermal analysis has been performed for a package design pertinent to power electronics. The objective has been the derivation of straightforward expressions that relate the materials used and their physical dimensions to the power input and the junction temperature. This has been done for both steady-state operating conditions and for pulses. The role of phase change materials (PCMs) in suppressing temperature elevations during pulses is also addressed.

A Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of Circulating Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin Reveals Multiple Loci Implicated in Sex Steroid Hormone Regulation

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein responsible for the transport and biologic availability of sex steroid hormones, primarily testosterone and estradiol. SHBG has been associated with chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and with hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of 21,791 individuals from 10 epidemiologic studies and validated these findings in 7,046 individuals in an additional six studies. We identified twelve genomic regions (SNPs) associated with circulating SHBG concentrations. Loci near the identified SNPs included SHBG (rs12150660, 17p13.1, p = 1.8×10−106), PRMT6 (rs17496332, 1p13.3, p = 1.4×10−11), GCKR (rs780093, 2p23.3, p = 2.2×10−16), ZBTB10 (rs440837, 8q21.13, p = 3.4×10−09), JMJD1C (rs7910927, 10q21.3, p = 6.1×10−35), SLCO1B1 (rs4149056, 12p12.1, p = 1.9×10−08), NR2F2 (rs8023580, 15q26.2, p = 8.3×10−12), ZNF652 (rs2411984, 17q21.32, p = 3.5×10−14), TDGF3 (rs1573036, Xq22.3, p = 4.1×10−14), LHCGR (rs10454142, 2p16.3, p = 1.3×10−07), BAIAP2L1 (rs3779195, 7q21.3, p = 2.7×10−08), and UGT2B15 (rs293428, 4q13.2, p = 5.5×10−06). These genes encompass multiple biologic pathways, including hepatic function, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and T2D, androgen and estrogen receptor function, epigenetic effects, and the biology of sex steroid hormone-responsive cancers including breast and prostate cancer. We found evidence of sex-differentiated genetic influences on SHBG. In a sex-specific GWAS, the loci 4q13.2-UGT2B15 was significant in men only (men p = 2.5×10−08, women p = 0.66, heterogeneity p = 0.003). Additionally, three loci showed strong sex-differentiated effects: 17p13.1-SHBG and Xq22.3-TDGF3 were stronger in men, whereas 8q21.12-ZBTB10 was stronger in women. Conditional analyses identified additional signals at the SHBG gene that together almost double the proportion of variance explained at the locus. Using an independent study of 1,129 individuals, all SNPs identified in the overall or sex-differentiated or conditional analyses explained ∼15.6% and ∼8.4% of the genetic variation of SHBG concentrations in men and women, respectively. The evidence for sex-differentiated effects and allelic heterogeneity highlight the importance of considering these features when estimating complex trait variance.

Single-walled carbon nanotube probes for high-resolution nanostructure imaging

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) tips have been used to image nanostructures with high resolution. Studies of gold nanocrystal standards showed that SWNT tips provide a significant improvement in lateral resolution with respect to multi-walled nanotube tips and microfabricated Si tips. The nanotube tips were also used to resolve substructure within SWNTs deposited on surfaces. These results suggest that observed 1.5 nm high structures can correspond to several SWNTs aligned in parallel. In addition, SWNT tips exhibited superior resolution compared to conventional tips when imaging biological nanostructures, such as double-stranded DNA. The potential and future challenges of SWNT tips are discussed.

Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoantibodies During Pregnancy as Predictive Factors of Pregnancy Complications and Maternal Morbidity in Later Life

Although it has been hypothesized that maternal thyroid dysfunction and/or positive thyroid antibodies during gestation are associated with certain pregnancy complications and an increased risk of later maternal cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, existing data is inconsistent. The aim of this population-based cohort study was to investigate the association between maternal thyroid dysfunction and/or antibodies detected during pregnancy and the occurrence of pregnancy complications or later maternal hypertension, diabetes, and thyroid disease over a 20-year follow-up period. The study population was comprised of mothers with singleton pregnancies who enrolled in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 and had sufficient early pregnancy serum samples in storage (n = 5805); these were tested for thyroid function and antibody analyses. Data from 3 registries were obtained to determine the health of these women in the 20 years since their index pregnancy; data included whether these women had diseases requiring medication, as well as hospital discharge diagnoses and causes of death. Women whose tested serum samples had results consistent with thyroid dysfunction (n = 786) were grouped into 5 categories (overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroxinemia) and compared to women with normal thyroid function tests (n = 4719) who served as controls. The primary outcome measures were pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes during the index pregnancy, later morbidity (maternal hypertension, diabetes, and thyroid disease), and total mortality. No association was found between thyroid dysfunction or thyroid antibodies and preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. The most important factor that predicted subsequent thyroid disease was overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy, with more than a 17-fold independent risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 17.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.8–40.6). Overt hypothyroidism during gestation was also associated with a 6-fold increased risk of diabetes (HR: 6.0; 95% CI: 2.2–16.4). Other predictive risk factors associated with later thyroid disease included subclinical hypothyroidism (HR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.6–6.9), thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity (HR: 4.2; 95% CI: 2.3–7.4), and thyroglobulin antibody positivity (HR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.9–6.0). There was no association between thyroid dysfunction or antibodies during pregnancy and later hypertension or overall mortality. The findings indicate that hypothyroidism and thyroid antibodies in early pregnancy are predictive risk factors for subsequent thyroid disease. Overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy seems to be a major risk factor for the development of diabetes.

<title>Using neutral metastable argon atoms and contamination lithography to form nanostructures in silicon, silicon dioxide, and gold</title>

We describe the fabrication of approximately 70-nm structures in silicon, silicon dioxide, and gold substrates by the exposure of the substrates to a beam of metastable argon atoms in the presence of dilute vapors of trimethylpentaphenyltrisiloxane, the dominant constituent of the diffusion pump oil used in these experiments. The atoms release their internal energy upon contacting the siloxanes physisorbed on the surface of the substrate, and this release causes the formation of a predominantly carbon-based resist. To demonstrate the resolution of the resist formation process, the atomic beam was patterned by a silicon nitride membrane, and the pattern formed in the resist material was transferred to the substrates by chemical etching. Simultaneous exposure of large areas (44 cm<SUP>2</SUP>) was also demonstrated. The sensitivity of the resist formation to the internal energy stored in the atom allows a new pattern formation technique based on spatially dependent optical de-excitation of the metastable atoms.

Low and high serum IgG associates with respiratory infections in a young and working age population

We investigated health consequences and genetic properties associated with serum IgG concentration in a young and working age general population.Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966, n = 12,231) health data have been collected from birth to 52 years of age. Relationships between life-long health events, medications, chronic conditions, lifestyle, and serum IgG concentration measured at age 46 years (n = 5430) were analysed. Regulatory mechanisms of serum IgG concentration were considered.Smoking and genetic variation (FCGR2B and TNFRSF13B) were the most important determinants of serum IgG concentration. Laboratory findings suggestive of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) were 10-fold higher compared to previous reports (73.7 per 100,000 vs 0.6-6.9 per 100,000). Low IgG was associated with antibiotic use (relative risk 1.285, 95% CI 1.001-1.648; p = 0.049) and sinus surgery (relative risk 2.257, 95% CI 1.163-4.379; p = 0.016). High serum IgG was associated with at least one pneumonia episode (relative risk 1.737, 95% CI 1.032-2.922; p = 0.038) and with total number of pneumonia episodes (relative risk 2.167, 95% CI 1.443-3.254; p < 0.001).CVID-like laboratory findings are surprisingly common in our unselected study population. Any deviation of serum IgG from normal values can be harmful; both low and high serum IgG may indicate immunological insufficiency. Critical evaluation of clinical presentation must accompany immunological laboratory parameters.Oulu University Hospital VTR, CSL Behring, Foundation for Pediatric Research.