Kuzey Anadolu Fayı (KAF), sismik olarak dünyanın en hızlı hareket eden, en aktif faylarından birisini oluşturur. 1939 yılında Erzincan depremiyle başlayan ve 1967 yılına kadar devam eden büyük depremler dikkate alındığında KAF üzerindeki depremlerin fay boyunca sistematik olarak doğudan batıya doğru göç ettiği görülmüştür. Türkiye’nin en aktif faylarından biri olan KAF’nın doğu tarafı zamanında şiddetli depremlerle kırılıp enerjisini boşaltmıştır. Fakat batı tarafında büyük bir deprem üretecek enerji birikmiştir. 1999 depreminden sonra devlet ve sivil toplum kuruluşları böyle bir afet anı ile sonrasında vatandaşların daha az etkilenmesi için bir dizi tedbirler almışlardı. Bunlar deprem sonrası vatandaşların toplanacağı alanlar ve acil müdahale için her ilçeye konulması gereken doğal afet konteynırlarıdır. Türkiye gibi deprem kuşağında olan ülkelerde bu gibi tedbirlerin alınması çok doğru ve yerinde bir karardır. Ancak daha önce belirlenen bu alanların tamamına yakını günümüzde rezidans, alışveriş merkezi ve gökdelenlerle betonlaştırılarak yok edilmiştir. Mevcut olan toplanma alanları ise afet sonrası vatandaşların toplanması için güvenli ve uygun değildir. Bu çalışma; Marmara Denizi’ndeki devamının tek parça olduğu açıklanan ve ilerleyen zamanlarda kendini adeta kilitleyip ani bir kırılma ile büyük bir deprem oluşturma ihtimali olan ve bunun sonucunda çok büyük can ve mal kayıplarına sebep olabilecek bu fay hattı hakkında önemli hususları değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca yapılan kentsel dönüşüm çalışmaları ile afet acil yolları ve deprem sonrası vatandaşların toplanacakları alanları açıklamak olacaktır.
Yer yuzunun guclu titresimlerini incelenme ve analizi yapi muhendisligi (yapi davranis analizi) ve deprem muhendisligi ( zemin davranis analizi) iki muhendislik dalinda onem tasimaktadir. Bu arastirmada faya yakin olan depremler soz konusudur. Genel olarak 15 km den yakin olan depremler faya yakin ve 15 km den uzak olan depremler faydan uzak depremler denilir. Faya yakin depremler daha yuksek frekans ve daha yuksek ivmeye sahiplerdir. Faya yakin depremler de etken suresi daha az ama daha etkilidir. Sundan dolayi rijit yapilar icin daha esnek yapilar tasarlamak gerekmektedir.
This research is carried out to investigate the critical role of BIM technology in estimating the construction project cost with higher accuracy than the manual method of budget evaluation. A construction project case study is selected, presenting a commercial complex in Al-Anbar, Al-Ramadi, Iraq. A comparative analysis is conducted to compare the accuracy of the REVIT software (BIM technology) with the manual calculation method. The major research findings revealed that using the BIM technology via the REVIT software provided a more effective approach and practicality than manual calculations of steel, concrete, and other architectural components. In addition, the findings confirmed that the accuracy of cost estimation using BIM technology via REVIT software is better than manual calculations. The reason is the elimination of human errors during the calculations process. Thus, accurate results can be obtained from the REVIT software. Also, the research outputs indicated that using the BIM technology can save much time, effort, and cost needed to calculate the cost of the construction project compared to the manual cost estimation of the construction project.
Despite considerable advancements and innovations in the construction industry, it continues to grapple with challenging obstacles that potentially impede the timely delivery of projects.Among these impediments, project delays are particularly detrimental.Over the past decades, the industry has seen the design and implementation of various intelligent methodologies aimed at alleviating this issue, with Total Quality Management (TQM) being a notable example.This study was conducted to investigate the beneficial impacts of TQM on addressing delays in diverse construction projects.Three research methodologies were employed in this study: 1) a quantitative approach, 2) a qualitative cross-sectional descriptive approach, and 3) a numerical analysis, which explored the role of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in facilitating quantity takeoff with increased accuracy and reduced time.The latter thereby mitigates the delay in construction projects due to the substantial effort, cost, and duration required to estimate the quantity of construction materials.The numerical analysis was carried out using the REVIT software tool.The findings from these three methodologies demonstrated the substantial importance of TQM principles for project managers and senior engineers.These principles can aid in streamlining project delivery and reducing delays.Furthermore, the implementation of TQM resulted in a reduction in quality costs, improved client satisfaction, decreased remedial work, mitigated delays, and fostered a closer relationship between suppliers and subcontractors.In addition, the use of BIM technology was found to enhance the accuracy of construction project cost calculations.Consequently, it reduced the time and cost of estimation and minimized errors, thereby contributing to resolving the delay problem in construction.
This research is carried out to investigate the critical role of BIM technology in estimating the construction project cost with higher accuracy than the manual method of budget evaluation. A construction project case study is selected, presenting a commercial complex in Al-Anbar, Al-Ramadi, Iraq. A comparative analysis is conducted to compare the accuracy of the REVIT software (BIM technology) with the manual calculation method. The major research findings revealed that using the BIM technology via the REVIT software provided a more effective approach and practicality than manual calculations of steel, concrete, and other architectural components. In addition, the findings confirmed that the accuracy of cost estimation using BIM technology via REVIT software is better than manual calculations. The reason is the elimination of human errors during the calculations process. Thus, accurate results can be obtained from the REVIT software. Also, the research outputs indicated that using the BIM technology can save much time, effort, and cost needed to calculate the cost of the construction project compared to the manual cost estimation of the construction project.
Icinde bulundugumuz cografya aktif fay hatlarinin bulundugu bir deprem bolgesidir. Yakin gecmisimize bakildiginda yasanan depremlerde, mevcut yapilarin deprem performansinin ne derecede zayif oldugu ve bu depremler sonucunda cok sayida can kaybi ve buyuk oranda maddi zararlar meydana gelmistir. Bu depremler sonucu mevcut yapilarin buyuk bir kisminda; projelendirme asamasinda, malzeme seciminde ve uygulama asamasinda eksikliklerin oldugu ortaya cikmistir. Bu durum sonucunda mevcut yapilar uzerinde performans degerlendirme calismalari, yurutulen bu calismalar dogrultusunda deprem yonetmeliginin guncellestirilmesine ihtiyac duyulmustur. Yapilari depreme karsi guvenli hale getirmek icin cesitli calismalar yapilmistir. Bu calismada TBDY 2018 deprem yonetmeligine uygun ve dogrusal hesap yontemlerinden; esdeger deprem yuku yontemi ile modal analiz yontemi ile hesaplar yapilmistir. Guclendirme safhasinda kullanilmasi gereken yapilari, fonsiyonlarini engellemeden guclendirmek icin kullanimi giderek yayginlasan bir anlayisla celik caprazlar kullanilmaktadir. Calismada kullanilan celik caprazlar ile yapinin kullanim amaci ve mimari ozelliklerini en az etkileyecek sekilde yurutulmustur.
This paper analysis and reviews the construction projects in Libya. In Libya, construction projects often face challenges due to the lack of proper information and data in cost-estimation methods. The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate the estimation of construction costs using various methods. An optimization strategy based on a well-known robust algorithm The Fuzzy AHP technique is used to estimate the best roof structure choice based on cost rank among one or two-way flat slab, post-tension slab, pre-tension slab, waffle slab, and hollow core slab. The roofs were created employing five main factors that were implemented in a real-world situation in the Libyan building industry. The cost of materials, labor, machinery, transportation, and trash on site were all considered. Research findings show that the models can assist decision-makers in determining the cost rank of roof selection. When a range of methods are applied and compared to guarantee that this is the best option. This research study must be taken seriously when estimating and managing the contract and length of highway construction projects in the early stages of project development so that the time difference at the end of the project can be kept to a minimum by decision-makers when choosing the roof with the lowest cost. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-06-08 Full Text: PDF
This research is carried out to investigate and assess the critical role of soil properties and their content in influencing the soil liquefaction phenomenon that takes place when an earthquake happens. A case study is considered in this work, representing the Karakaya Dam. Two research approaches were implemented to achieve the research goal, including extrapolation in Excel and numerical optimization using linear regression. The outputs revealed that the annual temperature in the future of zones around the Karakaya Dam, including Azami, Ortalama, and Asgari, would witness a moderate increase of about 3 to 6 degrees Celsius in the next decade. Moreover, the research confirmed that the Euphrates River discharge rate at the Karakaya Dam would witness a significant increase from (100-350 m3) to (2,590-2,640 m3) in 2029, explaining that temperature and discharge rate may influence the liquefaction. Meanwhile, the research outputs indicated that soil temperature under the Karakaya Dam and chemical elements would not vary significantly in the next decade. Notwithstanding, the pH number will change widely from 4.14 to 9.74 in 2029. Besides, the most significant chemical molecule concentration in the soil under the Karakaya Dam is the phosphite anion, corresponding to a minimum and maximum concentration of 1 and 2 μg/m2, respectively.
Over recent decades, the adoption of modern techniques and advantageous construction methods has significantly improved the construction process.Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one such critical approach that has demonstrated its considerable effectiveness in estimating cost and material quantities for large-scale projects, such as dams.This research investigates and assesses the essential role and contributions of BIM technology and associated software tools in estimating the cost of dam construction projects, characterized by their high complexity, intricate management, extended construction period, and substantial concrete and steel material requirements.A mixed-methods study incorporating three primary strategies was employed: (A) literature review, (B) quantitative research, and (C) qualitative research approaches.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and an online survey questionnaire.The key findings from this study's analysis (using an Iraqi dam as a case study) indicate that the implementation of BIM technology and software concepts is highly advantageous, dynamic, and effective in evaluating construction project budgets.Furthermore, the research highlights that accurately estimating the cost of dams can significantly reduce the time, financial investment, and effort needed to assess the budget of construction projects, particularly those involving dams with higher complexity, extended construction periods, challenging management, and intricate activities and tasks.Additionally, the use of BIM approaches was found to substantially mitigate human error in cost estimations and enhance the performance and accuracy of dam cost evaluations.
Rehabilitation plans are based on pavement condition assessments, which are crucial to modern pavement management systems. However, some of the disadvantages of conventional approaches for road maintenance and repair include the time consumption, high costs, visual errors, seasonal limitations, and low accuracy. Continuous and efficient pavement monitoring is essential, necessitating reliable equipment that can function in a variety of weather and traffic conditions. UAVs offer a practical and eco-friendly alternative for tasks including road inspections, dam monitoring, and the production of 3D ground models and orthophotos. They are more affordable, accessible, and safe than traditional field surveys, and they reduce the environmental effects of pavement management by using less fuel and producing less greenhouse gas emissions. This study uses UAV technology in conjunction with ground control points (GCPs) to assess the kind and amount of damage in flexible pavements. Vertical photogrammetric mapping was utilized to produce 3D road models, which were then processed and analyzed using Agisoft Photoscan (Metashape Professional (64 bit)) software. The sorts of fractures, patch areas, and rut depths on pavement surfaces may be accurately identified and measured thanks to this technique. When compared to field exams, the findings demonstrated an outstanding accuracy with errors of around 3.54 mm in the rut depth, 4.44 cm2 for patch and pothole areas, and a 96% accuracy rate in identifying cracked locations and crack varieties. This study demonstrates how adding GCPs may enhance the UAV image accuracy, particularly in challenging weather and traffic conditions, and promote sustainable pavement management strategies by lowering carbon emissions and resource consumption.
The research was conducted at one of Iraq's nuclear medical facilities in Baghdad, which uses radioactive iodine (I-131) to treat thyroid patients, the major purpose of this research was to meet the national legal limit for the release of radioactive liquid waste into the environment, a high purity germanium reagent radiation detector was used to evaluate nine iodine I-131 samples.From 2021 and 2023, the concentration of waste prior to storage and disposal was between 24498 Bq/L and 5.7 Bq/L.Short-lived radionuclides, such as I-131 with an 8.04-day halflife, may be released into the sewage system in line with Iraq's Nationally Approved Limits and Austria's International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).Moreover, it is stored for 10 times the half-life, or four months, until the choice to release it into the environment is made.
There are several environmental, economic, and energy reasons why RC is gaining popularity around the world. Key environmental problems include the potential for groundwater contamination due to the washing out of fresh concrete brought back from project sites, as well as the loss of natural sources of high-quality aggregate materials. The RC concrete (RCA) impact on the fundamental characteristics of traditional concrete is investigated besides the effect of different ratio effects of water-cement (w/c). The concrete as crushed rubble obtained from several Iraqi demolition sites and landfills is utilized to examine the properties of (RCA). This work utilized sand as natural and concrete as crushed from various sources as aggregates around Baghdad city. A total of forty-five concrete mixtures were cast into nine groups. Groups were created to examine the impact of recycled coarse aggregate (CA) quality/content, dosage of cement, and w/c ratio. Strengths of compressing and splitting, and modulus of elastic tests were conducted. The findings demonstrated that the concrete rubble (CR) may be turned into recycled aggregate (RC) and utilized in the concrete manufacturing with qualities adequate for the vast majority of structural concrete applications in Iraq. Furthermore, the concrete strength has decreased by 6% to 30%, depending on the proportion of RC utilized to replace natural aggregate and the w/c ratio.
Tee beam section represent an important structural component due to its significant application in many construction fields. Determining the optimal sectional sizes for a beam is a challenging task, as it involves identifying the dimensions that will enable the beam to withstand the most intense shear forces. For that in this thesis, the tee section investigated base on different sizes and conditions using ANSYS software program. The methodology involves three stages; the first stage is the validation conditions which compare with previous studies. The second stage was by changing the beam section dimensions based on 1900mm length. Finally, the third stage is by changing the length to 3000mm span. The results observed that the perforated beams with deeper size surpassed all other typical beam kinds. The deflection reduced from 8.454 mm to 3.280 mm. This result supported by the results of second group with observed as the best case due to beam depth. The deflection in this stage reduced from 24.748 mm to 23.001 mm
Icinde bulundugumuz cografya aktif fay hatlarinin bulundugu bir deprem bolgesidir. Yakin gecmisimize bakildiginda yasanan depremlerde, mevcut yapilarin deprem performansinin ne derecede zayif oldugu ve bu depremler sonucunda cok sayida can kaybi ve buyuk oranda maddi zararlar meydana gelmistir. Bu depremler sonucu mevcut yapilarin buyuk bir kisminda; projelendirme asamasinda, malzeme seciminde ve uygulama asamasinda eksikliklerin oldugu ortaya cikmistir. Bu durum sonucunda mevcut yapilar uzerinde performans degerlendirme calismalari, yurutulen bu calismalar dogrultusunda deprem yonetmeliginin guncellestirilmesine ihtiyac duyulmustur. Yapilari depreme karsi guvenli hale getirmek icin cesitli calismalar yapilmistir. Bu calismada TBDY 2018 deprem yonetmeligine uygun ve dogrusal hesap yontemlerinden; esdeger deprem yuku yontemi ile modal analiz yontemi ile hesaplar yapilmistir. Guclendirme safhasinda kullanilmasi gereken yapilari, fonsiyonlarini engellemeden guclendirmek icin kullanimi giderek yayginlasan bir anlayisla celik caprazlar kullanilmaktadir. Calismada kullanilan celik caprazlar ile yapinin kullanim amaci ve mimari ozelliklerini en az etkileyecek sekilde yurutulmustur.
To achieve the goals of sustainability, hydrological studies require analysis and modeling of precipitation data, in an accurate and reliable manner. However, measurements of precipitation ought to be more accurate representations of the actual distribution of precipitation. The methods and methods used to gather data on precipitation are numerous. With the advent of satellite products, namely, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation, which can be used to estimate and analyze precipitation data, hydro-meteorological and climatological applications of satellite precipitation products have recently seen a significant improvement. In this study, the Iraqi Meteorological and Seismology Organization (IMSO) gathered ground-based rain gauge data at eight sites in Iraq that represent various climatic zones for the years 2010 to 2020 with the goal of validating the TRMM rainfall products. To conduct station-based assessments, statistical performance metrics are used to evaluate the correctness of each IRMM product. The findings indicated that rainfall significantly varied from one season to the next, and this tendency was seen in both sets of data. In most rainy season months, it was discovered that TRMM readings overstate rainfall. The findings show that the run product performed admirably in the country's southern, northern, and western regions, whereas the satellite estimations for the center regions alternated between being overestimated and underestimated. This research offers a preliminary evaluation of the IRMM satellite products' functionality over Iraq. The study's findings can be helpfully utilized as a reference for rural and arid regions where there are no devices for detecting rain.
In offshore structures, risers are valuable constituents used in oil and gas industry. Conventional steel risers affect the deck of an offshore platform considerably due to their weight under the influence of environmental loads, impacting the fatigue and serviceability life of the structure. The study of behavior of the risers in extra critical environmental conditions could be contributory to developing the effective economical alternatives to boost up the serviceability life of the structure. To this aim, in the current study, a traditional Gas Export Riser, Oil Export Riser and also a Thermoplastic Composite Pipe as a new material in offshore applications are assumed for an offshore jacket located in the North Sea. To simulate the extra critical condition, a Rogue Wave has been considered. The Rogue Wave with return period of 100 years has been exerted on the mentioned risers by dynamic analysis in the time domain with finite element method using ANSYS software. For an accurate analysis, two well-known wave theories including the 1 st and 5 th order wave theories are utilized. Afterwards, the displacements and in particular reaction forces of the mentioned risers were compared. It is shown that for Gas Export Riser and Oil Export Riser, 5 th order wave places less force on the main deck of the offshore jacket in comparison to the 1 st order wave. Also, Thermoplastic Composite Pipe response to Rogue Wave has a minimal effect on the deck structure as compared to the Gas Export Riser and Oil Export Riser.
This paper deals with the usage of geogrids for soil improvement utilizing the PLAXIS 3D FE program's numerical analysis approach. Because of the low shear strength and instability of soft clay soils, reinforcement has been used to improve clay soils. The reinforcement mechanism was analyzed on the basis of results and output. The results of the program outputs are shown in PLAXIS. The reinforcement has little effect in the case of horizontal displacement and vertical displacement, but only a significant effect on the safety factor. This paper also deals with improving soft clay soil using stone columns. The main objective is to reduce settlement and increase the carrying capacity of the soil and shorten the consolidation period. The work investigates geogrid-reinforced stone columns that improved the behavior of soft clay soils under the influence of loading and construction. Underwent soil the stone columns testing covered with a geogrid and traffic load of 50 kpa. The improved method of using stone columns and PLAXIS 3D was used to create the FE model. The results concluded that the comparison results gave an improvement rate of up to 50 % of the improvement for the stone-column-reinforced clay soil in the construction phase.
An essential component of the project feasibility assessment is the conceptual cost estimate.In actuality, it is carried out based on the estimator's prior expertise.However, budgeting and cost control are planned and carried out ineffectively as a result of inaccurate cost estimates.The purpose of this article is to introduce an intelligent model to improve modeling approaches accuracy throughout early phases of a project's development in the construction sector.A support vector machine model, which is computationally effective, is created to calculate the conceptual costs of building projects.To get accurate estimates, the suggested neural network model is trained using a cross-validation method.Through the research of the literature and interviews with experts, the cost estimate's influencing elements are determined.As training instances, the cost information from 40 structures is used.Two potent intelligence methods-Nonlinear Regression (NR) and Evolutionary Fuzzy Neural Interface Model (EFNIM)are offered to illustrate how well the suggested model performs.Based on the readily accessible dataset from the relevant literature in the construction business, their results are contrasted.The computational findings show that the intelligent model that is being provided outperforms the other two potent methods.During the planning and conceptual design phase, the inaccuracy is satisfied for a project's conceptual cost estimate.Case studies demonstrate how SVMs may help planners anticipate the cost of construction in an effective and precise manner.
No abstract is provided for this article.
