The identification of progression in multiple sclerosis is typically retrospective. Given the profound burden of progressive multiple sclerosis, and the recent development of effective treatments for these patients, there is a need to establish measures capable of identifying progressive multiple sclerosis early in the disease course. Starting from recent pathological findings, this review assesses the state of the art of potential measures able to predict progressive multiple sclerosis. Future promising biomarkers that might shed light on mechanisms of progression are also discussed. Finally, expansion of the concept of progressive multiple sclerosis, by including an assessment of cognition, patient-reported outcomes, and comorbidities, is considered. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:438-452.
Pietro Maggi, Pascal Sati, Govind Nair, Irene Cortese, Steven Jacobson, Bryan Smith, Avindra Nath, Joan Ohayon, Vincent Van Pesch, Gaetano Perrotta, Caroline Pot, Marie Théaudin, Vittorio Martinelli, Roberta Scotti, Tianxia Wu, Renaud Du Pasquier, Peter A. Calabresi, Massimo Filippi, Daniel H. Reich, Martina Absinta
Massimiliano Calabrese, Paolo Preziosa, Antonio Scalfari, Elisa Colato, Damiano Marastoni, Martina Absinta, Marco Battaglini, Nicola De Stefano, Massimiliano Di Filippo, Simon Hametner, Owain W. Howell, Matilde Inglese, Hans Lassmann, Roland Martinꝉ, Richard Nicholas, Richard Reynolds, Maria A. Rocca, Agnese Tamanti, Marco Vercellino, Luisa María Villar, Massimo Filippi, Roberta Magliozzi
James H. Cole, Joel Raffel, Tim Friede, Arman Eshaghi, Wallace Brownlee, Declan Chard, Nicola De Stefano, Christian Enzinger, Lukas Pirpamer, Massimo Filippi, Claudio Gasperini, Maria A. Rocca, Àlex Rovira, Serena Ruggieri, Jaume Sastre‐Garriga, Maria Laura Stromillo, Bernard M.J. Uitdehaag, Hugo Vrenken, Frederik Barkhof, Richard Nicholas, Olga Ciccarelli
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