A simplified analysis procedure is developed to determine the maximum earthquake forces in intake‐outlet towers directly from the design earthquake spectrum without the need for a response history analysis. All the significant effects of tower‐water interaction and tower‐foundation‐soil, interaction are included in the analysis. It is demonstrated that the hydrodynamic effects can be approximated by added mass functions for outside and inside water. An equivalent SDF system is developed to consider approximately the effects of tower‐foundation‐soil interaction in the fundamental mode response of towers.
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