Direct electrochemical detection of clozapine by RuO₂ nanoparticles-modified screen-printed electrode

This study introduces the sensitive electrochemical detection of clozapine with the use of a ruthenium(iv) oxide nanoparticle (RuO₂ NP)-modified screen-printed electrode (RuO₂ NPs/SPE). The electrochemical behaviors of clozapine at RuO₂ NP/SPE have been examined <i>via</i> cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry (CHA). According to the results, the modified electrode has been accompanied by a decreasing over-potential (<i>ca.</i> 170 mV) and enhancement in the peak current (3 times) in comparison with the bare SPE. The results indicated that RuO₂ NP/SPE markedly augmented electro-catalytic activities toward clozapine oxidation. In addition, linear responses have been observed in the range between 0.2 and 500.0 μM with a sensitivity of 0.076 μA μM^-1 and a limitation of detection of 0.07 μM (3<i>σ</i>). Moreover, the successful application of RuO₂ NP/SPE has been seen in detecting clozapine in real samples, which showed satisfied recoveries. Therefore, outputs suggest that RuO₂ NP/SPE will be promising for functional utilization.