Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) sets an ultimate limit to bit rate in long-haul transmission systems. So far, the PMD has been measured using two main procedures based on different theoretical approaches. One works in the frequency domain, the other one in the time domain. The first method is based on the evolution of the state of polarization, as a function of the frequency, on the Poincare sphere and measures the differential group delay Δτ between the principal states of polarization (PSPs).1,2
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