The finite element method was used to study the stress distribution of strip joints under different elastic modulus and crack length. The results show that with the elastic modulus increases, the crack tip of the peak stress also increases, which provide maximum load continue to expand on the joint crack is SY stress, while little impact to the continued crack expansion on joints is SXY stress. I-type crack perpendicular the surface Crack under the stress of characteristics; With the initial crack length increases, I-stress intensity factor present weak tendency to increase, II-stress intensity factor is still almost zero, so that even after a longer crack length, strip adhesive joints under load the fracture is still mainly based on I-type crack, which is also consistent with the strip load characteristics: external stress perpendicular to crack surface. Another I-type stress intensity factor slight increasing trend.
Aster vestitus Franch.,A.poliothamnus Diels and A.sikuensis W.W.Smith et Farr.comprise Aster Series Vestiti Ling(Asteraceae)whose monophyly was not supported by a new molecular phylogenetic investigation.Karyotypes of four populations of the three species were analyzed by conventional root tip squash method.The results showed that all the three species had a karyotypic formula of 2n=2x=18=14m+4sm(2SAT),while the two populations of A.vestitus belonged to the Stebbins' 1Akaryotype and the other two species to the Stebbins' 2A.The karyotypic data of A.vestitus and A.sikuensis were reported for the first time and that of A.poliothamnus was quite different from that reported by the only previous related study.The results did not suggest maintaining Ser.Vestiti but support the comment of Li et al.on subgeneric classification.Satellite size of the three species belonged to Asterinae type,which supported the opinion that there is no close relationship between Eurasian Aster and North American asters.
Muscle architecture, the arrangement of fibre bundles within the muscle volume, has important functional implications. Previous studies of infraspinatus (IS) muscle architecture have focused on dissection and photography of the superficial muscle layers rather than a volumetric analysis. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to quantify the architectural parameters of the fibre bundles throughout the volume of IS. As a prototype, one formalin‐embalmed cadaveric specimen was used. The IS was exposed and each fibre bundle was meticulously dissected and digitized from end to end. The digitized data was imported and a 3D model of the fibre bundle architecture, as in situ , was constructed in Autodesk ® Maya ® 2012. Architectural parameters including fibre bundle length (FBL), pennation angle (PA), and physiological cross sectional area (PCSA) were computed. Based on the architectural parameters, muscular partitioning was determined. This technique successfully captured IS architecture throughout its volume. The IS was found to consist of 2 architecturally distinct regions, superior and inferior. The average measures for the superior and inferior regions were respectively: FBL 115.3mm; PA 22.2 ° ; PCSA 180.3mm 2 and FBL 84.9 mm; PA 15.9 ° ; PCSA 550.5 mm 2 . The results suggest that there is muscular partitioning of the IS. This methodology will form the basis of a continuing study to understand detailed IS architecture at the fibre bundle level.
The problems of long delay and accuracy were caused by the process of developing mechanical fault diagnosis systems using different tools. This article aims to give a reasonable solution to this contradiction by introducing TRIZ theory. This program uses LabVIEW as the development environment, EMD as the algorithm core, TRIZ theory as the development basis. The EMD algorithm is implemented by embedding different methods to decompose the fault signal so as to achieve the fault diagnosis signal in the same mechanical fault diagnosis system that can be decomposed efficiently. During the test machine fault signal pre-processing phase, which takes LabVIEW secondary development of EMD as the core data analysis, the accurate measurement phase is to take LabVIEW and MATLAB mixed programming EMD data analysis. Through such a development process arrangement, a core and two arrangements can be implemented to effectively resolve technical conflicts and provide a new idea.
DOI: 10.1049/ic:20040224 ISBN: 0 86341 419 2 Location: Edinburgh, UK Conference date: 24 May 2004 Format: PDF Part of the current research work of the Open University is to explore the semantics of problem frames. The motivation to develop the semantics is shared with many graphical notations - a formal semantics contributes to a solution. As by JG Hall et al. (2003) problem frame manipulations (e.g., problem representation, transformation, decomposition and recomposition) supported by the semantics can be regarded as a formal refinement from the problem towards the specification. Therefore, the semantics of problem frames can be applied to underpin software development problems. This position paper presents a case study demonstrating a semantic view to formalise the representation of software development problems, and reasoning about their decomposition in the problem frames framework. We conclude with a proposed program of research through which the problem frame semantics can be developed. Inspec keywords: systems analysis; software development management; formal specification; reasoning about programs Subjects: Formal methods; Software engineering techniques; Software management
Background: One of the anticipated benefits of systematic literature reviews (SLRs) is that they can be conducted in an auditable way to produce repeatable results. Aim: This study aims to identify under what conditions SLRs are likely to be stable, with respect to the primary studies selected, when used in software engineering. The conditions we investigate in this report are when novice researchers undertake searches with a common goal. Method: We undertook a participant-observer multi-case study to investigate the repeatability of systematic literature reviews. The cases in this study were the early stages, involving identification of relevant literature, of two SLRs of unit testing methods. The SLRs were performed independently by two novice researchers. The SLRs were restricted to the ACM and IEEE digital libraries for the years 1986-2005 so their results could be compared with a published expert literature review of unit testing papers. Results: The two SLRs selected very different papers with only six papers out of 32 in common, and both differed substantially from a published secondary study of unit testing papers finding only three of 21 papers. Of the 29 additional papers found by the novice researchers, only 10 were considered relevant. The 10 additional relevant papers would have had an impact on the results of the published study by adding three new categories to the framework and adding papers to three, otherwise empty, cells. Conclusions: In the case of novice researchers, having broadly the same research question will not necessarily guarantee repeatability with respect to primary studies. Systematic reviews must be careful to report their search process fully or they will not be repeatable. Missing papers can have a significant impact on the stability of the results of a secondary study.
