The study investigates the internal consistency as well as the factorial and discriminant validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in a sample of 326 Dutch secondary teachers. Compared to other teacher samples, the internal consistency of the three subscales (Emotional Exhaustion-EEX, Depersonalization-DEP, Reduced Personal Accomplishment-PAC) is relatively high. Using confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis with LISREL, it is shown that the three-factor oblique model fits relatively well compared to various alternative models. As in some other studies, one ambiguous item was identified ("I feel very energetic") that loads on two factors simultaneously (i.e., EEX and PAC). Moreover, burnout can be distinguished successfully from self-reported psychological strain as well as from somatic complaints. Nevertheless, EEX is substantially related to these more general symptoms. Finally, levels of EEX, psychological strain, and somatic complaints are significantly higher compared to Dutch reference groups, whereas levels of DEP and reduced PAC are significantly lower. It is concluded that the MBI is a valid and reliable self-report instrument to assess burnout in a non-English-speaking country like the Netherlands.
Abstract We have investigated the existence of a synergy occurring between the calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristic acetate (PMA) with respect to human B cell proliferation and differentiation. The combination of A23187 (250 to 500 nM) with nonmitogenic concentrations of PMA (1 to 3 ng/ml) resulted in a strong proliferative response in human tonsillar, spleen, and peripheral blood B cells. This proliferation could not be blocked by anti-Tac antibody at concentrations that effectively inhibited T cell proliferation under similar culture conditions, suggesting that IL 2 and its receptor are not involved in B cell proliferation in this system. During a 3-day culture period, A23187 (500 nM) did not activate B cells in terms of changes in cell size or in the expression of transferrin receptor, HLA-DR, and Tac antigen. PMA at a nonmitogenic concentration (3 ng/ml) enhanced the expression of the first two markers. Combination of the ionophore with PMA induced the occurrence of Tac and further increased the expression of transferrin receptor and HLA-DR. A23187 similarly enhanced the PMA-mediated increase in cell size. PMA and A23187 did not induce differentiation to lg production. However, when cells were prestimulated with a combination of the two agents and were recultured in the presence of a preparation containing B cell differentiation factor, a strong increase in IgM, IgG, and IgA production was found. We conclude that PMA and A23187 synergistically trigger intracellular events in human B cells, leading to proliferation and to responsiveness to differentiation factors.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Цель. В предлагаемой работе целью исследования стало изучение профессионального выгорания и его взаимосвязи с личностными ресурсами на выборке библиотекарей Московской области. Метод. Выборка включала 504 респондента в возрасте от 17 до 72 лет. Подавляющее большинство участников исследования - женщины (96%). Для измерения выгорания была использована модель, предложенная В. Шауфели и Ш. Дезарт. Основными конструктами для описания личностных ресурсов выступили оптимизм, жизнестойкость и самоэффективность. В качестве основного метода анализа использовалась многоуровневая регрессия, которая является оптимальной при анализе сгруппированных данных, чтобы не происходила переоценка вклада каких-либо переменных. В качестве предварительного анализа была проведена валидизация измерительной модели выгорания с помощью конфирматорного факторного анализа (с факторами первого и второго порядка). Результаты. Было показано,что уровень выгорания у испытуемых достаточно низкий, личностные ресурсы связаны с выгоранием тесно и отрицательно (rs = - .64, p < .01). Эффект личностных ресурсов различается в среднем по библиотекам (β = - .08, 95% CI[- .04; - .12]), но одинаков у работников сельских и городских библиотек (β = .03, 95% CI[- .15; .21]). Помимо личностных ресурсов, значимым предиктором уровня выгорания выступил возраст (β = - .10, 95% CI[- .18; - .02]), при этом вклад стажа работы оказался незначим. Выводы. Впервые было показано, что эффект личностных ресурсов изменяется по группам: чем выше отклонение по уровню выгорания, тем ниже вклад личностных ресурсов. В заключение обсуждаются результаты этой работы с ранее проведёнными исследованиями, а также говорится о возможности профессионального развития библиотекарей с учётом психологического состояния.
The present study addressed employee job crafting behaviors (i.e., seeking resources, seeking challenges, and reducing demands) in the context of organizational change. We examined predictors of job crafting both at the organizational level (i.e., perceived impact of the implemented changes on the working life of employees) and the individual level (i.e., employee willingness to follow the changes). Job crafting behaviors were expected to predict task performance and exhaustion. Two-wave longitudinal data from 580 police officers undergoing organizational changes were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Findings showed that the degree to which changes influence employees' daily work was linked to reducing demands and exhaustion, whereas employee willingness to change was linked to seeking resources and seeking challenges. Furthermore, while seeking resources and seeking challenges were associated with high task performance and low exhaustion respectively, reducing demands seemed to predict exhaustion positively. Our findings suggest that job crafting can act as a strategy of employees to respond to organizational change. While seeking resources and seeking challenges enhance employee adjustment and should be encouraged by managers, reducing demands seems to have unfavorable implications for employees.
List of DRA (http://trace.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/dra/index_e.html) accession numbers of the FANTOM5 samples, sequences and genomic coordinations. Files are in tab-delimited format, which includes * Library ID * FFID * BioSamples accession number * DRA experiment accession number * DRA run accession numbers * DRA analysis accession number for genomic coordination (BAM file) * DRA analysis accession number for CTSS (BED file) * Experiment method (CAGE/RNA-Seq/sRNA-Seq)
This paper describes a micro-analysis of the cognitive appraisal of daily stressful events in a sample of correctional officers (COs). More specifically, the authors examined whether three attribution dimensions mediated the relationship between the occurrence of stressful events and the 'significance' of these events, and whether the latter functioned as a mediator between the attribution dimensions on the one hand and negative affect (outcome variable) on the other. Convincing indications were found for the mediating role of the 'significance' of a stressful event, while weak indications were found for the mediating role of the attribution dimensions. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of daily event-recording methods are discussed at length.
