Summary Autoclave heating (AH) has been applied to modify the dietary fibre composition of dried brewers' spent grain (BSG) flour, which required multiple drying processes. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of the thermal levels and water ratio on AH, as an alternative, in altering the chemical compositions, antioxidant properties, and functionality of undried fresh BSG. The results showed that AH converted the saturated fatty acids into polyunsaturated fatty acids. AH reduced ketones and furans regardless of the water ratio while the amounts of aldehydes, alcohols, alkenes, and fatty acids depended on the water ratio. The elimination and formation of several volatile compounds were identified due to the AH depending on the water ratio. The total flavan‐3‐ols, antioxidant activities, and water‐holding capacity of BSG were improved as an impact of thermal elevation and regardless of the water ratio. In conclusion, AH treatment on fresh, undried BSG showed a beneficial performance in improving the quality of BSG for further valorisation as a value‐added by‐product.
Abstract The adaptation of biochar in anaerobic digestion (AD) positively influences the conversion of substrate to biomethane and promotes system stability. This study investigated the influence of biochar (BC) doses (0 to 8 g/L) on the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of glucose during a 60-day AD in a mesophilic batch-type reactor. The first 6.5 weeks of the experimentation were dedicated to the microorganism’s adaptation to the biochar and degradation of organics from the used inoculum (3 phases of the glucose feeding). The last 2 weeks (4th phase of glucose feeding) represented the assumption, that glucose is the sole carbon source in the system. A machine learning model based on the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method was used to model the cumulative BMP. The results showed that the BMP increased with the amount of BC added. The highest BMP was obtained at a dose of 8 g/L, with a maximum cumulative BMP of 390.33 mL CH 4 /g-VS added. Likewise, the system showed stability in the pH (7.17 to 8.17). In contrast, non-amended reactors produced only 135.06 mL CH 4 /g-VS and became acidic at the end of the operation. Reducing the influence of carbon from inoculum, sharpened the positive effect of BC on the kinetics of biomethane production from glucose.
In recent years, interest in hemp use has grown owing to its chemical and medicinal properties. Several parts of this plant, such as seeds, leaves, flowers, and stems are used in medicine, industry, and environmental preservation. Although there were legal restrictions on hemp exploitation in some countries due to the trace presence of THC as a psychoactive element, many countries have legalized it in recent years. Cannabidiol or CBD is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid that can activate the endocannabinoid system and its receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system in bodies of different species. Cannabidiol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-depressant effects. This review investigates various aspects of cannabidiol use and its potential in animals and humans.
Biologically active peptides derived from food proteins have been increasingly popular due to their therapeutic properties. This paper attempts to utilize a by-product of phospholipid extraction from egg yolk as a source of peptides with antioxidant [radical scavenging capacity, Fe2+ chelating effect, reducing power (FRAP)] and ACE-inhibitory activity. In addition, in this research we analysed the ability to release bio-peptides of a non-commercial proteases obtained from Yarrowia lipolytica yeast. Yeast serine protease exert greater ability to evaluate antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity than yeast aspartyl protease during degradation of protein by-product. Purification procedures including membrane filtration, gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography led to obtain a decapeptide QSLVSVPGMS with strong DPPH free radical scavenging and ACE inhibitory activities. A new application of the serine protease from Y. lipolytica yeast in the production of bioactive peptides from egg yolk protein by-product was demonstrated.
This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating chemically recycled polyol (glycolysate), derived from semi-rigid polyurethane waste from the building industry, into rigid PUF formulations intended for thermal insulation applications. Glycolysis was performed using a diethylene glycol–glycerol mixture (4:1) at 185 °C in the presence of a dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) catalyst. The resulting glycolysate was characterized by a hydroxyl number of 590 mg KOH/g. Foams containing 5–50% recycled polyol were prepared and described in terms of foaming kinetics, cellular structure, thermal conductivity, apparent density, mechanical performance, dimensional stability, flammability, and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The incorporation of glycolysate accelerated the foaming process, with the gel time reduced from 44 s to 16 s in the sample containing 40% recycled polyol, enabling a reduction in catalyst content. The substitution of up to 40% virgin polyol with recycled polyol maintained a high closed-cell content (up to 87.7%), low thermal conductivity (λ10 = 26.3 mW/(m·K)), and dimensional stability below 1%. Additionally, compressive strength improvements of up to 30% were observed compared to the reference foam (294 kPa versus 208 kPa for the reference sample). Flammability testing confirmed compliance with the B2 classification (DIN 4102), while preliminary qualitative VOC screening indicated no formation of additional harmful volatile compounds in glycolysate-containing samples compared to the reference. The results demonstrate that glycolysate can be effectively utilized in high-performance insulation materials, contributing to improved resource efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine to what degree antisperm allo-antibodies (ASA), anti-ovarian antibodies (AOA), anti-zona pellucida antibodies (AZPA) and seven anti-phospholipid antibodies (APLA) can explain the failure of assisted reproduction technology (ART) in women.Background: Among the causes of reproductive failure are allo-and autoimmune reactions of the organism against reproductive tissues and cells.Methods: We examined a sample of 43 selected women aged 27 to 45 after failure of assisted reproduction technology (ART) via intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).Sera from these women were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) (total Ig) for the presence of anti-sperm allo-antibodies (ASA), anti-ovarian antibodies (AOA), anti-zona pellucida antibodies (AZPA) and seven anti-phospholipid antibodies (APLA).Results: We found 22 (51 %) patients positive for the examined antibodies.Among patients with positive results were 3 miscarriages, 3 biochemical pregnancies (↑ hCG) and 16 with no evidence of conception.Positive APLA was found in 17 patients.Selected immunological parameters were negative in 21 (49 %) patients, which means that the tested allo-and auto-antibodies did not cause the failure of ART.Conclusion: This demonstrates that the range of diagnostic tests limits the success of diagnosis and the method of dealing with infertile couples.The use of cardiolipin as a screening test appears to be insuffi cient, because in our sample it would have caused a 35 % error rate.Investigation of antibodies against seven phospholipids is thus considered to be reasonable and is benefi cial for infertility diagnosis (Tab.2, Ref. 36).
