Safe, reliable, and affordable access to low-Earth (LEO) orbit is necessary for all of the United States (US) space endeavors. In 2010, NASA s Office of the Chief Technologist commissioned 14 teams to develop technology roadmaps that could be used to guide the Agency s and US technology investment decisions for the next few decades. The Launch Propulsion Systems Technology Area (LPSTA) team was tasked to address the propulsion technology challenges for access to LEO. The developed LPSTA roadmap addresses technologies that enhance existing solid or liquid propulsion technologies and their related ancillary systems or significantly advance the technology readiness level (TRL) of less mature systems like airbreathing, unconventional, and other launch technologies. In developing this roadmap, the LPSTA team consulted previous NASA, military, and industry studies as well as subject matter experts to develop their assessment of this field, which has fundamental technological and strategic impacts for US space capabilities.
On the basis of self-determination theory (R. M. Ryan & E. L. Deci, 2000) and cultural descriptions drawn from H. C. Triandis (1995), the authors hypothesized that (a) individuals from different cultures internalize different cultural practices; (b) despite these differences, the relative autonomy of individuals' motivation for those practices predicts well-being in all 4 cultures examined; and (c) horizontal practices are more readily internalized than vertical practices across all samples. Five hundred fifty-nine persons from South Korea, Russia, Turkey and the United States participated. Results supported the hypothesized relations between autonomy and well-being across cultures and gender. Results also suggested greater internalization of horizontal relative to vertical practices. Discussion focuses on the distinction between autonomy and individualism and the relative fit of cultural forms with basic psychological needs.
Objective The aim of this study was to test a self‐determination theory ( SDT ) process model of the “bright” and the “dark” motivational pathways through dental attendance or avoidance to oral health. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 322 students from all study disciplines at the University of Oslo. Participants responded to a survey with validated questionnaires. Structural equation modelling was used to test the SDT model, and a bootstrapping procedure was used to test the indirect links in the model. Results Along the “bright” path: Autonomy support at the dental clinic was positively associated with need satisfaction in treatment, which was positively associated with autonomous motivation for dental treatment and reappraisal of dental anxiety. Further, autonomous motivation was positively related to dental attendance, which in turn predicted oral health. Also, both autonomous motivation and reappraisal of anxiety were negatively related to avoiding dental appointments. Along the “dark” path: Conditional regard at the dental clinic positively predicted need frustration in treatment, which positively predicted dental anxiety. In turn, dental anxiety positively predicted avoiding appointments, along with the negative predictions by autonomy and anxiety reappraisal. Finally, oral health was negatively predicted by avoiding appointments. A bootstrapping procedure indicated that all indirect links in the model were supported. A SEM fit the data very well. Conclusions Because of the high level of explained variances for dental attendance (42%) and avoiding dental appointments (52%), promoting autonomy support and avoiding conditional regard at the dental clinic may be important for patients' oral health.
No abstract is provided for this article.
A considerable body of evidence exists which indicates a lack of a monotonic relationship between real rewards and the utility for the corresponding outcomes in an experimental game environment. This phenomenon we have called utility function confounding. It often appears that individuals are influenced in their choice behavior not only by their expected rewards, but also by the relative amount of their reward to that of the other party or parties to the game. The authors develop a bivariate utility function designed to accommodate both utility for own reward and for own reward relative to that of the other party. This model is then shown to be general enough to encompass several distinct types of utility function confounding which have appeared in experimental situations. While difficulties remain in the measures required of the model, the authors' main hope is that this neglected aspect of subjects' utilities will receive the attention that it deserves, to the benefit of more meaningful experimentation of interpersonal interactions.
No abstract is provided for this article.
The ideal of theoretical integration in motivational approaches to education is worthy, but in this commentary, I raise some (semi)contrarian concerns about both the meaning of theoretical integration and how that occurs. Integration is more than an aggregation or combination of measures but rather involves synthesis into a framework with theoretic and meta-theoretic integrity. Across disciplines and fields of inquiry, the development of science largely happens within theories and at their boundaries. Integration in practice (e.g., interventions) raises different issues, mainly concerning the coordination of elements that may address different classroom issues, and therefore can stem from multiple models and theories. I also describe the common direction and progress of motivational psychology over the past several decades, albeit with some “jingle –jangle” trends muddying our conceptual waters. Yet contrary to the view that it is our multiple perspectives that confuse teachers, I argue that confusion more centrally lies in the wide gap between our generally student-centered theories and public policies and institutional norms that hinder their implementation and their integration into practice.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This study examined the effects of young athletes' perceptions of support from coaches and parents on their need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being. Using the framework of self-determination theory (Ryan &Deci, 2000b), a 4-week diary study of 33 female gymnasts from the northeastern U.S. was conducted that examined (a) the relations of perceived parent and coach supports to the athlete's enduring and daily motivation and need satisfaction and (b) how daily motivation and psychological need satisfaction during practice affects athletes' well-being. Results obtained using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) revealed that, as predicted, daily motivation predicted pre-practice well-being, and that changes in well-being from pre- to post-practice varied systematically with the need satisfaction experienced during practice. Discussion highlights the importance of adult supports for adolescent sport participants to ensure need satisfaction, and the advantages of diary methodologies in sport research.
This randomised prospective trial compared the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide ear drops in clearing a blocked tympanostomy tube. Tympanostomy tubes, 110 in number, obstructed with blood or inspissated secretions were randomised into treatment and control groups. Details of the operative procedure were retrospectively collected from the patients notes. The patients were reviewed after 2 weeks for both clinical and tympanometric evidence of clearance of the tube and evidence of complications of the drops. There was no significant therapeutic advantage between the two drops (P > 0.9), but in both treatment arms there was a significant therapeutic advantage over a period of observation (P < 0.05 in both groups). Otorrhoea and pain on instilling the drops occurred with equal incidence in both treatment groups. As obstruction of tympanostomy tubes is a common occurrence which often prompts surgical reventilation, there is great potential for cost savings if conservative treatment can be used effectively. The treatments for obstructed tympanostomy tubes are reviewed and methods of prevention of this common occurrence are discussed.
