This study assessed three dimensions of parent style, autonomy support, involvement, and provision of structure in 64 mothers and 50 fathers of elementary-school children in Grades 3-6, using a structured interview.Construct validity data for the interview ratings suggested that the three parent dimensions were reliable, relatively independent, and correlated with other parent measures in hypothesized ways.Aspects of children's self-regulation and competence were measured through children's self-reports, teacher ratings, and objective indices.Parental autonomy support was positively related to children's self-reports of autonomous self-regulation, teacher-rated competence and adjustment, and school grades and achievement.Maternal involvement was related to achievement, teacher-rated competence, and some aspects of behavioral adjustment, but no significant relations were obtained for father involvement.The structure dimension was primarily related to children's control understanding.Results are discussed in terms of the motivational impact of the parent on school competence and adjustment and in terms of transactional models of influence.
No abstract is provided for this article.
No abstract is provided for this article.
In this final chapter we examine future directions in motivation research by looking through the individual lenses of our volume authors. We review each chapter for viewpoints on new directions for research. Each chapter offers some unique ideas relevant to the particular area of inquiry, but there is also overlapping emphasis on several issues facing the field as a whole. The most widely cited future direction was for more research into dual-process models of motivation. There were also frequent calls for more intervention research, especially interventions in which process variables and active ingredients can be carefully assessed. A desire for more developmental and neuropsychological studies of motivation was also common among this selected group. The centrality of motivation for human adaptation and wellness makes the pursuit of these topics a central task for psychology.
It is argued in this paper that current attempts at community involvement in planning at the watershed level have not been fully realised. This is demonstrated through implementation research, reported here, of community involvement in urban stormwater planning in over twenty watersheds in Australia. It is concluded that narrowly operationalised technical expertise; implementing officers' values towards communities' capacity to understand complex problems; and the basic technical planning rationale are structural impediments to effective community involvement. Effective public participation in this field facilitates the re-definition of the causes and effects of urban stormwater pollution. Fundamental to the realisation of effective public participation is the recognition of the importance of, and role-played by different forms of knowledge (such as scientific, technical, political, social, local, indigenous, bureaucratic and historical) in this process. For improved policy implementation, the key is recognising that problem definition frames the understanding of stormwater pollution causes and effects and pre-determines the expertise requirements for subsequent planning processes. Effective public participation can result in a shared conception of the issues of stormwater conceptually lifting the problem definition out of the narrowly defined technical arena to a social phenomenon reflecting community concerns and aspirations.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Research has associated financial desire discrepancies (the gap between current and desired states) with poorer subjective well-being (SWB). Because acquiring more wealth appears ineffective in decreasing financial desire discrepancies, we examined whether a theoretically meaningful psychological factor, termed mindfulness, would close the aspiration gap by “wanting what one has,” and thereby enhance SWB. Study 1 revealed that mindfulness was associated with a smaller financial desire discrepancy, which helped explain a positive association between mindfulness and SWB in undergraduates. Two further studies with working adults showed that these results occurred independently of financial status and changes therein. A final, quasi-experimental study with mindfulness trainees extended these findings. Reasons why mindfulness may help to promote the perception of having “enough” are discussed.
Measuring subjective well-being as a key indicator of national wellness has increasingly become part of the international agenda. Current recommendations for measuring well-being at a national level propose three separate dimensions: evaluative well-being, experiential well-being, and eudaimonia. Whereas the measurement of the first two dimensions is relatively standardized, the third category has remained undertheorized, lacking consensus on how to define and operationalize it. To remedy the situation, we propose that the third dimension should focus on psychological functioning and the identification of key psychological factors humans generally need to live well. A key part of psychological functioning is the satisfaction of basic psychological needs-specific types of satisfying experiences that are essential for psychological health and well-being. Psychological needs as a category provides a parsimonious set of elements with clear inclusion criteria that are strongly anchored in theory and our current understanding of human nature-and could thus form a core part of the third, "eudaimonic" dimension of well-being. The needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness have especially received broad empirical support. Accordingly, national accounts of well-being should include measures for key psychological needs to gain an enriched and practically useful understanding of the well-being of the citizens.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This chapter provides a synthesis of empirical literature on the psychology of getting paid using self-determination theory as a framework for organization and interpretation. Using this theoretical framework, we posit that the affective, motivational, and behavioral...
No abstract is provided for this article.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning will have a significant impact on the application of drones and the integration of universal/unmanned traffic management (UTM) that relate to unmanned operations in urban environments at very low-level airspace. Artificial intelligence will necessitate high levels of automation and act as an enabler with respect to the integration of unmanned and manned aviation and will ultimately enable safe operations with respect to high numbers of drones utilising the same airspace, and more specifically with respect to detect and avoid capability. AI is going to be heavily developed and utilised by organisations that certify as U-space service providers (USSP's) when providing a service to Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Operators. The equipment utilised by UAS Operators will to some extent already benefit from AI, but the level of automation is currently constrained by regulation. A legal framework must exist, as AI will not only have a significant impact upon existing laws but will ensure a framework that facilitates safety and the fundamental rights of citizens and businesses with respect to AI. The EU has published a proposed law, namely the Artificial Intelligence Act as permitted under Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
