Previous research has indicated sex differences in influences to smoke among young people. Investigating sex differences in responses to cigarette offers may be particularly important because of the crucial role of social influences in acquisition of smoking. The effect of sex of subject and sex of offerer on the content of cigarette refusals was assessed in 235 Latino seventh graders. Using an audiotaped behavioral test, subjects listened to cigarette offers and their responses were recorded and coded for content. Results showed significant two-way sex interactions for most content measures, indicating that boys and girls used different refusal strategies that varied by sex of offerer. In general, boys used refusal strategies differentially by sex of offerer, while girls responded similarly to offers from girls and boys. Results are consistent with other findings that females may be more egalitarian in their interactions with others. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for tobacco use prevention efforts. Key Words: Latino youthsmokingcigarette offer refusalssex differences.
Ethnic minority women have been underrepresented in health promotion research. There is a need to develop effective methods of recruiting ethnic minority women to health promotion programs and research studies. This article evaluates several methods for recruiting ethnic minority women to a study of a telephone and mail intervention encouraging participation in a home-based walking program. One hundred twenty-six sedentary ethnic minority women between the ages of 25 and 55 were recruited using two types of approaches. Number of participants screened, number enrolled, and recruitment efficiency (ratio of number recruited/ number screened) were assessed. "Active" recruitment, contacting targeted individuals in person, by phone, or by mail, yielded 236 screened and 29 recruited with a recruitment efficiency of 11%. "Passive" recruitment, informing the community through public notices and waiting for volunteers to call, yielded 151 screened and 97 recruited with a recruitment efficiency of 64%. Those recruited by active or passive methods did not differ by demographic characteristics, baseline psychosocial variables, or dropout rates. Passive recruits walked significantly more at five-month follow-up than active recruits. Passive recruitment may be more economical at the cost of potentially biased samples.
Journal Article Effects of health facilitator performance and attendance at training sessions on the acquisition of tobacco refusal skills among multi-ethnic, high-risk adolescents Get access John P. Elder, John P. Elder Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92182 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Susan I. Woodruff, Susan I. Woodruff Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92182 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar James F. Sallis, James F. Sallis 1Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92182, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Carl de Moor, Carl de Moor Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92182 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Christine Edwards, Christine Edwards Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92182 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Marianne B. Wildey Marianne B. Wildey Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92182 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Health Education Research, Volume 9, Issue 2, June 1994, Pages 225–233, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/9.2.225 Published: 01 June 1994 Article history Received: 19 November 1992 Accepted: 30 August 1993 Published: 01 June 1994
Children in households of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be overweight/obese. We aimed to determine if home physical activity (PA) environments differed by SES and to explore home environment mediators of the relation of family SES to children's PA and sedentary behavior.Participants were 715 children aged 6 to 11 from the Neighborhood Impact on Kids (NIK) Study. Household SES was examined using highest educational attainment and income. Home environment was measured by parent report on a survey. Outcomes were child's accelerometer-measured PA and parent-reported screen time. Mediation analyses were conducted for home environment factors that varied by SES.Children from lower income households had greater media access in their bedrooms (TV 52% vs. 14%, DVD player 39% vs. 14%, video games 21% vs. 9%) but lower access to portable play equipment (bikes 85% vs. 98%, jump ropes 69% vs. 83%) compared to higher income children. Lower SES families had more restrictive rules about PA (2.5 vs. 2.0). Across SES, children watched TV/DVDs with parents/siblings more often than they engaged in PA with them. Parents of lower SES watched TV/DVDs with their children more often (3.1 vs. 2.5 days/week). Neither total daily and home-based MVPA nor sedentary time differed by SES. Children's daily screen time varied from 1.7 hours/day in high SES to 2.4 in low SES families. Media in the bedroom was related to screen time, and screen time with parents was a mediator of the SES--screen time relationship.Lower SES home environments provided more opportunities for sedentary behavior and fewer for PA. Removing electronic media from children's bedrooms has the potential to reduce disparities in chronic disease risk.
Background Disparities in health outcomes and health behaviors may be partially explained by neighborhood environments that are poor in resources that could support healthy behaviors. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that low-income and high-minority neighborhoods have less access to public parks, open space, and private recreation facilities. Methods From 2004 to 2005, an inventory of 351 private recreation facilities and 465 public parks was conducted in 833 Census block groups in Maryland. In 2-way ANCOVAs, numbers of private facilities and public parks, as well as maximum park size, were studied in relation to categories of median income and percent non-white population in the block groups. Results For the number of private recreation facilities, there was no significant effect of income or percent minority. For number and size of parks, the interaction between income and percent minority was significant. Mixed-race neighborhoods had the highest number of parks, regardless of income. Low- and middle-income groups living in mostly-white block groups and high-income groups living in mostly-minority block groups had the lowest access to public parks. Conclusions The expected deprivation of recreation facilities in low-income and high-minority neighborhoods was not found. There are exceptions to the inequalities found nationally, so the policies or practices associated with a fairer distribution of recreation resources in some local areas need to be better understood.
Context Research examining the association between environmental attributes and physical activity among youth is growing. An updated review of literature is needed to summarize the current evidence base, and to inform policies and environmental interventions to promote active lifestyles among young people. Evidence acquisition A literature search was conducted using the Active Living Research (ALR) literature database, an online database that codes study characteristics and results of published papers on built/social environment and physical activity/obesity/sedentary behavior. Papers in the ALR database were identified through PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus using systematically developed and expert-validated search protocols. For the current review, additional inclusion criteria were used to select observational, quantitative studies among youth aged 3–18 years. Evidence synthesis Papers were categorized by design features, sample characteristics, and measurement mode. Relevant results were summarized, stratified by age (children or adolescents) and mode of measurement (objective or perceived) for environmental attributes and physical activity. Percentage of significant results was calculated. Conclusions Mode of measurement greatly influenced the consistency of associations between environmental attributes and youth physical activity. For both children and adolescents, the most consistent associations involved objectively measured environmental attributes and reported physical activity. The most supported correlates for children were walkability, traffic speed/volume, access/proximity to recreation facilities, land-use mix, and residential density. The most supported correlates for adolescents were land-use mix and residential density. These findings support several recommendations for policy and environmental change from such groups as the IOM and National Physical Activity Plan.
Despite experiencing health inequities, less is known about neighborhood environments and physical activity among Hispanic/Latino adults compared to other populations. We investigated this topic in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Hispanic/Latino adults in the San Diego, California area of the U.S. completed measures of overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) via accelerometry and domain-specific MVPA via questionnaire at Visits 1 (2008–2011; n = 4086) and 2 (2014–2017; n = 1776), ~6 years apart. 800-m home neighborhood buffers were used to create objective measures of residential, intersection, and retail density, bus/trolley stops, greenness, parks, and recreation area at Visit 1. Regression models tested the association of each neighborhood feature with MVPA at Visit 1 and over 6 years, adjusting for individual characteristics and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. At Visit 1, those in neighborhoods with higher vs. lower retail density or recreation area (+1 vs. -1 standard deviation from the mean) engaged in 10% more overall MVPA and 12–22% more active transportation. Those in neighborhoods with higher vs. lower residential density engaged in 22% more active transportation. Those in neighborhoods with higher vs. lower greenness and park count engaged in 14–16% more recreational MVPA. Neighborhood features were unassociated with changes in MVPA over 6 years. Although changes in MVPA over time were similar across neighborhoods, Hispanic/Latino adults living in neighborhoods with design features supportive of walking and recreational activity (e.g., greater residential and retail density, more parks and recreation facilities) were consistently more active. Improving neighborhood environments appears important for supporting physical activity among Hispanic/Latino adults.
No abstract is provided for this article.
We examined associations of demographic/biological, psychological, social, and environmental variables with two different measures (self-reported and accelerometer) of physical activity (PA) in Mexican-American (56 boys; 64 girls) and European-American (49 boys; 45 girls) children (mean age = 12.1 years). Among 32 potential correlates, 4 gender and 16 ethnic differences were found. Percent of variance explained from 3% to 24% for self-reported PA and from 7% to 16% for accelerometer-measured PA. Physical self-perception was the only variable with a significant association across all subgroups and both measures. Less favorable levels of psychosocial variables among Mexican-Americans may explain ethnic differences in PA.
