1,993 publications from this institution
Expression of the metallothionein gene is known to be induced by glucocorticoids in a variety of cells. Here we show that in human cell lines containing functional progesterone receptors, the endogenous metallothionein-IIA (hMTIIA) gene is inducible by the synthetic progestins R5020 and medroxy-progesterone acetate. That this effect reflects a direct interaction with the metallothionein gene is supported by our finding that the partially purified progesterone receptor binds to the promoter region of the gene in vitro. The limits of the DNase I footprint and the guanine residues protected in methylation studies with the progesterone receptor are similar to those previously described for the glucocorticoid receptor. Thus, the hormone regulatory element of the human metallothionein-IIA gene can mediate regulation by both glucocorticoids and progestins, as does the hormone regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus.
SALLIS, JAMES F.; SIMONS-MORTON, BRUCE G.; STONE, ELAINE J.; CORBIN, CHARLES B.; EPSTEIN, LEONARD H.; FAUCETTE, NELL; IANNOTTI, RONALD J.; KILLEN, JOEL D.; KLESGES, ROBERT C.; PETRAY, CLAYRE K.; ROWLAND, THOMAS W.; TAYLOR, WENDELL C. Author Information
Heart rate (EKG), digital skin resistance level (SRL), and frontalis electromyography (EMG) of 20 undergraduate volunteers were monitored in three 30-min s
Purpose: This paper will review and synthesize information from several sources to determine what providers do regarding prevention, and their subsequent effect on patients' cardiopulmonary risk factors: smoking, lipids, physical activity, obesity, and combinations of risk factors. Methods: We review studies investigating interventions to promote providers' (i.e., physicians, nurses, and nutritionists) prevention-enhancing behaviors, and studies investigating the effects of providers' preventive interventions on patients' cardiopulmonary risk factors. Results: Educational programs to improve healthcare providers' preventive intervention knowledge, attitudes, and skills have a significant effect when combined with a system which reminds providers to intervene and gives them the tools to do so. With regard to smoking and lipids, current studies demonstrate significant improvements in providers' use of preventive interventions with patients, and subsequently, improvement in patients' smoking cessation rates and blood cholesterol levels. Comprehensive programs which include providers from several disciplines also have significant effect on patients' smoking and blood cholesterol levels. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of physical activity are scarce but support the concept that providers can have an effect on patients' physical activity levels. In general, primary prevention multiple risk factor studies show small, favorable effects in individual risk factors and in overall risk, Using a team approach, secondary prevention studies have demonstrated greater reductions. Conclusions: Traditional education/training programs are most effective for promoting providers' delivery of preventive interventions when combined with enabling strategies (e.g., office reminders), reinforcing strategies (e.g., feedback), and predisposing strategies (e.g., practice guidelines). When healthcare providers intervene, they are effective in helping patients to change cardiopulmonary disease-related behaviors. Interventions that use non-physicians and physicians together have been found to be most effective. It is optimal for physicians, in the context of a comprehensive program, to offer brief counseling to all patients, provide written or audiovisual materials, have available multiple clinic visits or telephone calls to support change, and refer some to specialized providers who can work with them on decreasing risk factors.
Background Knowledge of the prevalence, clustering, and correlates of multiple adolescent health behaviors can inform the design of health promotion interventions. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to assess 878 adolescents aged 11 to 15 years (53.6% girls, 58% non-Hispanic white) recruited in primary care clinics in 2001–2002. Adolescent physical activity (assessed with accelerometers), television viewing time (reported), percent calories from fat, and servings of fruits and vegetables (assessed with multiple 24-hour recalls) were dichotomized into meeting or not meeting national guidelines. Parent health behaviors were assessed with self-reported measures. Analyses were conducted in 2006. Results Fifty-five percent of adolescents did not meet the physical activity guideline, and 30% exceeded 2 hours daily of television viewing time, with boys more active and less sedentary than girls (p <0.01). The majority of the adolescents did not meet dietary guidelines. Nearly 80% had multiple risk behaviors and only 2% met all four guidelines. The number of risk behaviors was associated with being older and being at risk for overweight or being overweight, for boys and girls (p <0.05). Two parent health behaviors—history of smoking and failure to meet the fruits and vegetables guideline—were significantly associated with a higher number of risk behaviors for girls (p <0.05). Conclusions Eight of ten adolescents in this sample failed to meet guidelines for two or more diet, physical activity, and sedentary risk behaviors. Some parent health behaviors, along with the adolescent’s weight status and age, were associated with a higher number of adolescent health risk behaviors.
This observational study examined cross-sectional and 24-month longitudinal associations of physical activity and dietary behaviors with change in BMI and percent body fat among children aged 6–9 years old.Data were from the control group (n = 271; 48% Latino) of a community-based childhood obesity prevention program. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 24 months and included height and weight, bioelectrical impedance–derived percent body fat, and 10 physical activity and dietary behaviors measured via parent report of their child. Cross-sectional analysis of variances (ANOVA) (normal weight, overweight, obese) and longitudinal mixed-effects linear regression models were used to investigate the relation of each physical activity and dietary behavior with BMI and percent body fat.At baseline, obese children engaged in less physical activity and more sedentary behavior than normal-weight children (p < 0.05). Increased physical activity (p < 0.01) and number of breakfasts eaten with family (p < 0.05) were associated with decreased BMI z-score and percent body fat. Decreased sedentary behavior and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption were associated with decreased percent body fat (p < 0.05) but not BMI.In this cohort of 271 children, increased physical activity and eating breakfast with family and reduced screen-based sedentary behaviors and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption were associated with more favorable trends in adiposity. Therefore, attention to these behaviors may be of particular importance. Results also suggest that future studies should include percent body fat as an outcome for a more precise assessment of the association of behavior with adiposity.
Summary and Conclusions There is a growing consensus that large changes in populationlevels of physical activity and other behaviors required toimprove cardiovascular health will require major modifica-tions in environments and policies. Ecological models are theconceptual basis for comprehensive interventions that empha-size environmental and policy changes and that can havewidespread and sustainable effects. These interventions arecomplemented with individual education and motivation andefforts to change social support and norms. Physical activity–specific ecological models indicate which environmental factorsare expected to be related to physical activity in multiple lifedomains: Leisure/recreation/exercise, occupation (school foryouth), transportation, and household. Over the past decade, aproliferation of interdisciplinary research has generally sup-portedhypothesesderivedfromecologicalmodelsandidentifiedspecific built environment attributes and combinations of attri-butes that are related to physical activity, mainly for recreationand transportation purposes, and obesity. It is becoming clearthat racial/ethnic minority and low-income communities aredisadvantaged in access to recreation facilities, positiveaesthetics, and protection from traffic. These results providean empirical rationale for intervention.There are recent examples of environmental changes orcommunity-wide multilevel interventions that had positive ef-fects on physical activity or obesity. Continuing research needsare to improve the rigor of study designs, confirm subgroup- orcontext-specific built environment associations, identify optimalcombinations of attributes, improve understanding of the policychange processes required to achieve environmental changes,and evaluate multilevel interventions.Both research teams and community-based initiatives arecollaborating with a wide range of professionals and sectorsof society, such as recreation, transportation, city planning,architecture, landscape architecture, geography, criminal jus-tice, and law, in addition to health professionals and behav-ioral scientists. These diverse teams have stimulated innova-tions in research, new approaches to intervention, andimproved connections with decision makers who can makeenvironment and policy changes in nonhealth sectors ofsociety. The practice of physical activity promotion, obesityprevention, and CVD risk reduction has changed to reflect theshift to multilevel interventions. Major foundations andpublic health agencies are implementing community-basedinterventions targeting environment and policy change. Con-tinuing challenges for these community-wide interventionsare to maintain support for the multisector, long-term effortsrequired to change environments, evaluate interventions sothey become ever more evidence-based, and integrate explicitchronic disease prevention objectives into professional prac-tices of diverse disciplines, government agencies, and indus-tries whose primary work can affect physical activity andhealth.
One mission of physical education (PE) is the promotion of enjoyable physical activity participation. PE enjoyment of 414 elementary school students (51% male, 77% Caucasian) was examined in a 3-year prospective study. Analyzed using Generalized Estimating Equations, PE enjoyment decreased significantly from the fourth to sixth grade ( p < .001) and was lower among girls ( p < .001) and students not in organized sports ( p < .005). Ethnicity and body mass index were not significant predictors of PE enjoyment. Girls, older children, and those not on sports teams are especially dependent on PE as the setting for accruing health-related physical activity, and strategies are needed to enhance their PE enjoyment.
Hall and Fong (2007) have taken on a major challenge by attempting to improve on existing health behaviour models, of which there are many (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008). Crafting their Temporal...
The International Consensus Conference on Physical Activity Guidelines for Adolescents convened to review the effects of physical activity on the health of adolescents, to establish age-appropriate physical activity guidelines, and to consider how these guidelines might be implemented in primary health care settings. Thirty-four invited experts and representatives of scientific, medical, and governmental organizations established two main guidelines. First, all adolescents should be physically active daily or nearly every day as part of their lifestyles. Second, adolescents should engage in three or more sessions per week of activities that last 20 min or more and that require moderate to vigorous levels of exertion. Available data suggest that the vast majority of U.S. adolescents meet the first guideline, but only about two thirds of boys and one half of girls meet the second guideline. Physical activity has important effects on the health of adolescents, and the promotion of regular physical activity should be a priority for physicians and other health professionals.
