Utilizo la colección de “etnografías carnales” de las artes marciales y los deportes de combates reunidos por Raúl Sánchez y Dale Spencer, bajo el título Fighting Scholars para poner de relieve la fecundidad de la implementación del habitus como objeto empírico (explanandum) y método de investigación (modus cognitionis). El estudio encarnado de la encarnación se basa en cinco proposiciones que aclaran las persistentes ideas erróneas acerca del habitus y refuerzan la teoría disposicional de la acción de Pierre Bourdieu. 1) lejos de ser una “caja negra”, el habitus es totalmente susceptible de investigación empírica; 2) la distinción entre habitus primario (genérico) y habitus secundario (específico) nos permite capturar la maleabilidad de las disposiciones; 3) el habitus se compone de elementos cognitivos, conativos, volitivos y afectivos: categorías, habilidades y deseos; 4) el habitus nos permite transformar el problema de la carnalidad en un recurso para la producción de conocimiento sociológico; 5) para tener en cuenta que todos los agentes sociales, como quienes practican artes marciales, son seres que sufren y que están involucrados participan colectivamente en actividades corporalmente interiorizadas a través de escenificaciones dentro de círculos de compromisos compartidos.
It is shown that fine motion plans in the LMT framework developed by T. Lozano-Perez, M. Mason and R. Taylor (1984) are computable, and an algorithm for computing them by reducing fine motion planing to an algebraic decision problem is presented. Fine-motion planning involves planning a successful motion of a robot at the fine scale of assembly operations, where control and sensor uncertainty are significant. It is shown that, as long as the envelope of trajectories generated by the control system can be described algebraically, there is an effective procedure for deciding if a successful n-step plan exists. The proposed method makes use of recognizable sets as subgoals for multistep planning. These sets are finitely parameterizable, and it is shown that they are the only sets that need be considered as subgoals. Unfortunately, if the full generality of the LMT framework is used, finding a fine-motion plan can take time double exponential in the number of plant steps.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abstract As an extension to the breakpoint hopping algorithm developed in reference 1, the algorithm presented in this paper efficiently solves the d.c. problem for finding the d.c. operating point(s) and for tracing the driving‐point and transfer characteristics of an extremely broad class of non‐linear resistive circuits. In particular, bipolar and MOS transistor circuits are included. A user‐friendly C program has been written to implement this algorithm where the input format for describing the circuit is compatible with the SPICE program.
The structural constituents of tissues in organisms are composed primarily of minerals and proteins. Collagen is the most common protein used to construct such natural materials in vertebrates; among these structures, a wide variety of hierarchical architectures with structural and property gradients have evolved to induce desired combinations of stiffness, strength, ductility and toughness for a diverse range of mechanical functionalities. The soft collagen provides biological materials the ability to resist tensile tractions and to dissipate energy under mechanical deformation. Here we seek to understand the structure, deformation and toughening mechanisms of collagenous materials from the perspective of the hierarchical assembly of individual collagen molecules, fibrils, fibers, as well as the other nature-designed hierarchical structural elements. This review summarizes the structural designs of collagenous materials focusing on Type-I collagen, the most abundant extracellular protein that forms linear arrays, as well as examining its deformation and toughening mechanisms by illustrating how nature uses hierarchical structures and gradients, at nano-, micro- to macro-levels, to confer different functions to its organisms. The organization of collagen is discussed for different structures in order to illustrate the broad range of its functional and mechanical properties: specifically, skin, arteries, eye cornea, fish scales, bone, ligaments and tendons. We conclude by highlighting important developments in tissue engineering where synthetic and natural collagen has been incorporated into the architecture of the body. We trust that such insight may provide guidance for the design of the next-generation of synthetic structural materials with unprecedented functionality.
Incentives for vertical integration in the health care industry have led many hospitals to consolidate into health systems and profess a desire for closer alignment with affiliated physicians. In this study of fourteen organized delivery systems and their 11,000 physicians in sixty-nine medical groups, we found that many health systems did not align well with physicians. Even systems ostensibly committed to alignment emphasized structural relationships that did not enhance physician-system alignment and paid inadequate attention to issues of importance to physicians. This gap between the goal and reality of physician-system alignment appears to be the result of systems' responding to a changing mix of policies, not all of which foster integration.
Abstract In this paper, we extend the coupled environment fracture model (CEFM) for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of sensitized Type 304SS in light water reactor heat transport circuits by incorporating steel corrosion, the oxidation of hydrogen, and the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, in addition to the reduction of oxygen (as in the original CEFM), as charge transfer reactions occurring on the external surfaces. Additionally, we have incorporated a theoretical approach for estimating the crack tip strain rate, and we have included a void nucleation model to account for ductile failure at very negative potentials. The key concept of the CEFM is that coupling between the internal and external environments, and the need to conserve charge, are the physical and mathematical constraints that determine the rate of crack advance. The model provides rational explanations for the effects of oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen, conductivity, stress intensity, and flow velocity on the rate of crack growth in sensitized Type 304 in simulated LWR in-vessel environments. We propose that the CEFM can serve as the basis of a deterministic method for estimating component life times.
The cell-cycle replication pattern of the R6K plasmid has been investigated by using the membrane-elution technique to produce cells labelled at different times during the division cycle and scintillation counting for quantitative analysis of radioactive plasmid DNA. The high-copy plasmid R6K replicates exponentially in a cell-cycle-independent manner. A mini-R6K plasmid deleted for the ori alpha origin of replication also replicates, exponentially in a cell-cycle-independent manner.
