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A detailed investigation has been carried out of the structure and electrochemical activity of electrodeposited Ni-Fe films for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. Ni-Fe films with a bulk and surface composition of 40% Fe exhibit OER activities that are roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of a freshly deposited Ni film and about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of an Fe film. The freshly deposited Ni film increases in activity by as much as 20-fold during exposure to the electrolyte (KOH); however, all films containing Fe are stable as deposited. The oxidation of Ni(OH)2 to NiOOH in Ni films occurs at potentials below the onset of the OER. Incorporation of Fe into the film increases the potential at which Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox occurs and decreases the average oxidation state of Ni in NiOOH. The Tafel slope (40 mV dec(-1)) and reaction order in OH(-) (1) for the mixed Ni-Fe films (containing up to 95% Fe) are the same as those for aged Ni films. In situ Raman spectra acquired in 0.1 M KOH at OER potentials show two bands characteristic of NiOOH. The relative intensities of these bands vary with Fe content, indicating a change in the local environment of Ni-O. Similar changes in the relative intensities of the bands and an increase in OER activity are observed when pure Ni films are aged. These observations suggest that the OER is catalyzed by Ni in Ni-Fe films and that the presence of Fe alters the redox properties of Ni, causing a positive shift in the potential at which Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox occurs, a decrease in the average oxidation state of the Ni sites, and a concurrent increase in the activity of Ni cations for the OER.

An analysis of the application of J integral based elastic-plastic fracture mechanics procedures to fusion structures is carried out. Some limiting flaw-structure geometries are specified along with estimates of upper- and lower-bound service properties of a martensitic stainless steel. Size requirements for J procedures in unconstrained flow geometries and for low strain-hardening conditions result in a small range of valid application even for lower-bound properties. In constrained deformation geometries the range of application is extended for lower-bound properties. Failure of J procedures is shown to coincide with approach to fully-plastic fracture, which can be treated partly with limit-load or net-section stress criteria.

ABSTRACT A new technique was developed to obtain reservoir descriptions to aid in the design of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. This technique incorporates the reservoir performance during primary and secondary processes as well as the geological and petrophysical data. The advantage of this technique over statistical techniques is that a more realistic reservoir description can be obtained. The reservoir description when used with an EOR reservoir simulator would yield a more realistic prediction of EOR performance and minimize the risk in an EOR field project. This technique may also be used to validate a reservoir simulator for field scale EOR performance. If the reservoir description is derived independent of EOR performance, the reservoir description is based only on the reservoir heterogeneities. The EOR process variables can then be quantified from the EOR performance without changing the reservoir description (Ader and Stein1). The application of this technique is illustrated for a 250 acre area of interest in a San Andres formation reservoir. The initial reservoir description is formulated based on permeability to porosity ratio plots, injection and production profiles, core data, and pressure transient tests. The initial gas saturations and pressures are obtained based on dimensionless performance curves. The reservoir description is then refined by history matching primary and secondary performance for individual wells using a reservoir simulator. For the example discussed in this paper, an excellent match of performance was achieved using this technique.

Abstract Als Oxidationsmittel für Alkohole (II) bzw. (IV) kann ein polymeres Polyvinylpyridinchlorchromat (I) eingesetzt werden, das aus einem schwach vernetzten Polyvinylpyridin mit HCl und Chromsäureanhydrid erhalten wird.

This novel book introduces cellular automata from a rigorous nonlinear dynamics perspective. It supplies the missing link between nonlinear differential and difference equations to discrete symbolic analysis. A surprisingly useful interpretations of cellular automata in terms of neural networks is also given. The book provides a scientifically sound and original analysis, and classifications of the empirical results presented in Wolfram s monumental New Kind of Science. Volume 2: From Bernoulli Shift to 1/f Spectrum; Fractals Everywhere; From Time-Reversible Attractors to the Arrow of Time; Mathematical Foundation of Bernoulli -Shift Maps; The Arrow of Time; Concluding Remarks.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

This chapter examines recurrent thinking, thought suppression, and metacognition across psychological disorders. It discusses intrusions, recurrent negative thinking (worry and rumination), and the evidence for their presence across psychological disorders (anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-related disorders).

Isfahan is one of the largest cities in Iran. In the southern portion of the city, there were some problems with the cathodic protection (CP) of coated gas pipelines buried in soil. The CP levels decreased as the distance from the CP stations increased. Adding new CP stations, repairing anode beds, and applying more CP current produced no significant improvement. During investigations, it was found that the CP designers had not considered factors such as soil resistivity, electrical isolation, and proximity of foreign structures. The design considered only groundbed resistance, and the result was poor distribution of protective current.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Route to Unsaturated Organosilicon Polymers and Macrocycles Based on Zirconocene Coupling of 1,4-MeC.tplbond.C(Me2Si)C6H4(SiMe2)C.tplbond.CMeShane S. H. Mao and T. Don TilleyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 19, 5365–5366Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00124a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00124a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views300Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (5)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts