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Abstract Koiter’s shell model is derived systematically from nonlinear elasticity theory, and shown to furnish the leading-order model for small thickness when the bending and stretching energies are of the same order of magnitude. An extension of Koiter’s model to finite midsurface strain emerges when stretching effects are dominant.
Electroluminescent refrigeration is the intrinsic self-cooling effect that accompanies light emission from a light-emitting diode (LED). As LEDs and photovoltaic cells become more ideal, electroluminescence potentially becomes a viable alternative to existing solid-state cooling technologies. Here, we propose and model a device structure for the LED and photovoltaic cell that attains the requisite high external luminescence efficiency η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ext</sub> for efficient electroluminescent refrigeration. We find that continued improvements in material quality, leading to a lower value for the low-voltage saturation current density J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">02</sub> , will be critical in enabling this application.
Serious scholarly analyses of the types and roles of accountability in health care first appeared in the late 1980s. That issue, along with the related issue of responsibility in health care, has continued to interest policymakers, analysts and scholars ever since. Indeed, there has been a renewed surge of interest in recent years, with growing attention to the notion of accountable care organizations in the US, clinical audits in the UK, and governance as stewardship in many other countries. Accountability and responsibility in health care was also the theme of a major international conference organized by the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research, which was held in Jerusalem in 2009. This book is a collection of scholarly articles on the themes of accountability and responsibility in health care and seeks to be the premier book in that field. It includes selected papers from the 2009 Jerusalem Conference, analytic essays on how accountability and responsibility are playing out in eight different countries, and reprints of some of the classic articles in the field. The book will interest policymakers, managers, researchers and students, and many of the ideas presented here will help shape the development of this field in the years ahead. Some of these ideas have appeared in other forums; the unique contribution of this volume is that it is the first to bring together so many different perspectives on accountability and responsibility in health care. This volume will both acquaint readers with some of the latest thinking on accountability and responsibility in health care, and will serve as a catalyst for future reflection, research and writing in this area
Summary Two existing, contemporary ground motion selection and modification procedures – (i) exact conditional spectrum (CS‐exact) and (ii) generalized conditional intensity measure (GCIM) – are evaluated in their ability to accurately estimate seismic demand hazard curves (SDHCs) of a given structure at a specified site. The amount of effort involved in implementing these procedures to compute a single SDHC is studied, and a case study is chosen where rigorous benchmark SDHCs can be determined for evaluation purposes. By comparing estimates from ground motion selection and modification procedures with the benchmark, we conclude that estimates from CS‐exact are unbiased in many of the cases considered. The estimates from GCIM are even more accurate, as they are unbiased for most – but not all – of the cases where estimates from CS‐exact are biased. We find that it is possible to obtain biased SDHCs from GCIM, even after employing a very diverse collection of intensity measures to select ground motions and implementing its bias‐checking feature, because it is usually difficult to identify intensity measures that are truly ‘sufficient’ for the response of a complex, multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ZACKAY et al.1 have discussed the increase in fracture toughness of untempered ultra-high strength steels resulting from the use of high austenizing temperatures for solution treatment. Their results indicate that the toughness is increased suddenly and dramatically, by a factor of more than two, when the steels are austenized at temperatures greater than 1,100° C (Fig. 1). The effect is promoted by fast quenching rates. They show further that a two-step quenching procedure from high austenizing temperatures (for example, 1,200° C→870° C→quench) can eliminate any danger of quench cracking, whilst causing only a small (7%) reduction in fracture toughness. This improvement in toughness, obtained by using high austenizing temperatures, was attributed to the retardation of grain boundary nucleation of a second phase when high energy grain boundaries, associated with small grains, are eliminated by grain growth.
Journal Article FINITE DEFORMATIONS OF WRINKLED MEMBRANES Get access D. J. STEIGMANN, D. J. STEIGMANN Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island 02912, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. C. PIPKIN A. C. PIPKIN Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island 02912, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Volume 42, Issue 3, August 1989, Pages 427–440, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/42.3.427 Published: 01 August 1989 Article history Received: 19 July 1988 Published: 01 August 1989
