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Objectives The aim of this project has been to increase knowledge and to contribute to the research community in the area of copper corrosion in a repository environment. For SSM, the most important subject is to provide better conditions for a science based evaluation of a repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this respect, this project aimed at conducting a comprehensive theoretical study on corrosion of copper in repository environment based on an expected composition of dissolved species in the groundwater in the Forsmark area. In addition the thermodynamic immunity of copper in pure anoxic water has been especially addressed as this was one of the initial conditions made by SKB for selecting copper as canister material. Results The authors have shown, in so-called corrosion Domain Diagrams, that copper in a thermodynamic sense can be considered as immune in pure anoxic water (without dissolved oxygen) only under certain conditions. It is shown that copper will corrode in pure anoxic water with very low concentrations of [Cu+] and very low partial pressures of hydrogen gas. At higher concentrations of [Cu+] and partial pressures of hydrogen, copper is found to be thermodynamically immune and will not corrode. The rate of copper corrosion in the repository water environment will thus depend on the transport of corrosion products away from the copper surface or the transport of corroding species to the copper surface. The degree to which this affects the corrosion of copper canisters in the repository environment has not been further studied. Still, the result shows that copper cannot be considered as thermodynamically immune in the presence of pure anoxic water, this implicate that one of SKB:s initial conditions for selecting copper as a canister material can be questioned. To what degree this may influence the corrosion of copper canisters in the repository environment still needs to be investigated. Of other species present in the water at repository depth in Forsmark, different sulphur species was found to be most deleterious causing copper to corrode in an anoxic environment under hydrogen gas evolution. In order to find out what species that can be present in a repository environment a Gibbs Energy Minimisation algorithm was employed. By this method it was concluded that (S2-, HS- and H{sub 2}S) are predicted to be present in the entire anoxic period at sufficient concentrations to cause corrosion of copper. It is finally concluded that the corrosion rate of copper canisters will be determined by the very complex interaction between copper, buffer material and bedrock in order to reduce corrosion of copper to an acceptable level
We have investigated the electromagnetic properties of a 3D wire mesh in a geometry resembling covalently bonded diamond. The frequency and wave vector dispersion show forbidden bands at those frequencies ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}$, corresponding to the lattice spacing, just as dielectric photonic crystals do. But they have a new forbidden band which commences at zero frequency and extends, in our geometry, to $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}$, acting as a type of plasma cutoff frequency. Wire mesh photonic crystals appear to support a longitudinal plane wave, as well as two transverse plane waves. We identify an important new regime for microwave photonic crystals, an effective medium limit, in which electromagnetic waves penetrate deeply into the wire mesh through the aid of an impurity band.
Abstract Long‐term and direct measurements of CO 2 and water vapour exchange are needed over forested ecosystems to determine their net annual fluxes of carbon dioxide and water. Such measurements are also needed to parameterize and test biogeochemical, ecological and hydrological assessment models. Responding to this need, eddy covariance measurements of CO 2 and water vapour were made ever a deciduous forest growing near Oak Ridge, TN, between April 1993 and April 1994. Periodic measurements were made of leaf area index, stomatal resistance, soil moisture and pre‐dawn leaf water potential to characterize the gas exchange capacity of the canopy. Four factors had a disproportionate influence on the seasonal variation of CO 2 flux densities. These factors were photon flux densities (during the growing season), temperature (during the dormant season), leaf area index and the occurrence of drought The drought period occurred during the peak of the growing season and caused a significant decline in daily and hourly CO 2 flux densities, relative to observations over the stand when soil moisture was plentiful. The annual net uptake of carbon was calculated by integrating flux measurements and filling missing and spurious data with the relations obtained between measured CO 2 fluxes and environmental forcing variables. The net flux of carbon for the period between April 1993 and April 1994 was ‐525 g C m −2 y −1 . This value represents a net flux of carbon from the atmosphere and into the forest. The net annual carbon exchange of this southern temperate broadleaved forest exceeded values measured over a northern temperate forest (which experiences a shorter growing season and has less leaf area) by 200 g C m −2 y −1 (cf. Wofsy et al 1993). The seasonal variation of canopy evaporation (latent heat flux) was controlled mostly by changes in leaf area and net radiation. A strong depression in evaporation rates was not observed during the drought Over a broadleaved forest large vapour pressure deficits promote evaporation and trees in a mixed stand are able to tap a variety of deep and shallow water sources.
In many concentrated alloys of current interest, the observation of diffuse superlattice intensities by transmission electron microscopy has been attributed to chemical short-range order. We briefly review these findings and comment on the plausibility of widespread interpretations, noting the absence of expected peaks, conflicts with theoretical predictions, and the possibility of alternative explanations.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Analogous to electron waves in a crystal, light waves in a three-dimensionally periodic dielectric structure should be described by band theory. The concept of photonic band structure 1 is gaining rapid 2−5 acceptance. The concepts of reciprocal space, Brillouin zones, dispersion relations, Block wave functions, van Hove singularities, etc. are now being applied to optical waves.
Acylation resins in a new monolithic format have been prepared by the functionalization of polyethylene-encased porous poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) disks. These disks have been obtained from a monolithic rod prepared by polymerization in a cylindrical glass mold, then cut into a disk format. A free radical azo initiator 4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) attached to available chloromethyl functionalities at the surface of the pores was used to initiate graft polymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene or chloromethylstyrene from the surface. Addition of a small percentage of divinylbenzene to the polymerization mixture leads to the formation of a layer of swellable reactive polymer gel at the surface of the macropores. This both prevents the undesirable increase in flow resistance through the monolith and improves the yield of grafting. The final reaction steps involve formation of an active phenolic moiety grafted to the disks and its reaction with acid anhydride. The use of grafted disks as acylating resin to transform various amines to amides in flow-through operations is demonstrated in a variety of solvents including alcohols. The acylation ability of the depleted disks can easily be recovered, and the disks can be reused many times.
