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An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Abstract The three‐component gold‐catalyzed coupling of terminal alkenes with arylboronic acids and oxygen nucleophiles is described.
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are the result of the integration of connected computer systems with the physical world. They feature complex interactions that go beyond traditional communication schemes and protocols in computer systems. One distinguished feature of such complex interactions is the tight coupling between discrete and continuous interactions, captured by hybrid system models.<br/><br/>Due to the complexity of CPSs, providing rigorous and model-based analysis methods and tools for verifying correctness of such systems is of the utmost importance. Model-based testing (MBT) is one such verification technique that can be used for checking the conformance of an implementation of a system to its specification (model).<br/><br/>In this chapter, we first review the main concepts and techniques in MBT. Subsequently, we review the most common modeling formalisms for CPSs, with focus on hybrid system models. Subsequently, we provide a brief overview of conformance relations and conformance testing techniques for CPSs<br/>
Abstract: Kovetz ’ formulation [1] of the system consisting of the linear momentum balance, momentof-momentum balance, energy balance and Clausius-Duhem inequality for electromagnetic media is derived from basic ideas in continuum mechanics and electromagnetism and shown thereby to be compatible with earlier formulations.
A highly crosslinked amorphous polymer is produced by passing ethylene through a radio-frequency electric discharge. The morphology of plasma-polymerized ethylene is examined by replica electron microscopy. It is found that at low pressures and flow rates spherical powder particles are formed ranging in size between 0.2 and 1.2 μm. At high pressures and flow rates a film is formed. The role of the substrate on which the polymer is deposited has been investigated using chromium, Teflon, glass, and freshly cleaved mica as substrates. These materials are listed in order of increasing smoothness. From the electron micrographs it is observed that the surface structure of the substrate is reproduced in the plasma-polymerized films as long as the film is thin ([inverted lazy s] 0.5 μm). Thicker films produced by a longer exposure to the ethylene plasma are characterized by a surface which is smoother than that of the substrate.
Gas exchange techniques were used to investigate light-saturated carbon assimilation and its stomatal and non-stomatal limitations over two seasons in mature trees of five species in a closed deciduous forest. Stomatal and non-stomatal contributions to decreases in assimilation resulting from leaf age and drought were quantified relative to the maximum rates obtained early in the season at optimal soil water contents. Although carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity (V(cmax)) decreased with leaf age, decreases in V(cmax) accounted for about 75% of the leaf-age related reduction in light-saturated assimilation rates, with a secondary role for stomatal conductance (around 25%). However, when considered independently from leaf age, the drought response was dominated by stomatal limitations, accounting for about 75% of the total limitation. Some of the analytical difficulties associated with computing limitation partitioning are discussed, including path dependence, patchy stomatal closure and diffusion in the mesophyll. Although these considerations may introduce errors in our estimates, our analysis establishes some reasonable boundaries on relative limitations and shows differences between drought and non-drought years. Estimating seasonal limitations under natural conditions, as shown in this study, provides a useful basis for comparing limitation processes between years and species.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
