We review the debate on the association of financial globalization with inequality. We show that the within-country distributional impact of capital account liberalization is context specific and that different types of flows have different distributional effects. Their overall impact depends on the composition of capital flows, their interaction, and on broader economic and institutional conditions. A comprehensive set of policies – macroeconomic, financial and labor- and product-market specific – is important for facilitating wider sharing of the benefits of financial globalization.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Summary form only given, as follows. Photonic crystals, the electromagnetic analog of semiconductor crystals, have stirred the imagination toward photonic integrated circuits. At the same time, the build-out of the telecommunications infrastructure is creating a demand for large volumes of optical communications components and subsystems. Integration at the tiniest scale of photonic crystals allows the largest number of components to be produced from a single wafer, reducing cost, and allowing considerable optical complexity. There have been a series of practical difficulties standing in the way of building practical microphotonic circuits, that are gradually being solved; including, the input/output coupling efficiency problem, the nanofabrication accuracy problem, the active device issues, electrical modulation schemes, device design software and simulation. Some of these problems are already solved, and we can project solutions to the others over the next few years.
OBJECTIVES: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the progression of several diseases, including diet and obesity-related conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Our goal was to understand the role of diet on the unfolded protein response (UPR), an important pathway in ER stress response, in efforts to elucidate the role of the UPR in the progression to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. METHODS: We used stable isotope labeling with tandem mass spectrometric analysis to characterize proteome-wide synthesis rates and de novo lipogenesis rates in vivo in mouse liver to generate metabolic flux signatures of the unfolded protein response. We initiated the unfolded protein response through treatment with tunicamycin. Diets rich in either unsaturated, oleic, acids, or saturated, palmitic, acids were given to mice for five weeks to determine the effect of dietary fatty acids on this induced ER stress response. RESULTS: With induction of the unfolded protein response, we observed reduced protein synthesis across most ontologies, but increased synthesis of ER proteins and chaperones. We also found reduced de novo lipogenesis after 48 and 72 hours of induced ER stress. Reduction in food intake and significant weight loss also occurred after 48 and 72 hours. Electron microscopy revealed striking morphological differences in the ER and accumulation of lipid droplets with ER stress. Diets high in unsaturated fatty acids had a lesser impact on the progression of the unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS: These data begin to characterize how the unfolded protein response progresses over time, and the metabolic changes that occur with ER stress. Diets rich in saturated or unsaturated fatty acids had different effects on the metabolic signatures of the UPR, suggesting the type dietary fatty acid is important in properly handling ER stress. FUNDING SOURCES: NIH.
A number of experimental studies have shown recently that ppm-level additions of nitric oxide (NO) enhance the rate of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) decomposition catalyzed by Fe-ZSM-5 at low temperatures. In the present work, the NO-assisted N(2)O decomposition over mononuclear iron sites in Fe-ZSM-5 was studied on a molecular level using density functional theory (DFT) and transition-state theory. A reaction network consisting of over 100 elementary reactions was considered. The structure and energies of potential-energy minima were determined for all stable species, as were the structures and energies of all transition states. Reactions involving changes in spin potential-energy surfaces were also taken into account. In the absence of NO and at temperatures below 690 K, most active single iron sites (Z(-)[FeO](+)) are poisoned by small concentrations of water in the gas phase; however, in the presence of NO, these poisoned sites are converted into a novel active iron center (Z(-)[FeOH](+)). These latter sites are capable of promoting the dissociation of N(2)O into a surface oxygen atom and gas-phase N(2). The surface oxygen atom is removed by reaction with NO or nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)). N(2)O dissociation is the rate-limiting step in the reaction mechanism. At higher temperatures, water desorbs from inactive iron sites and the reaction mechanism for N(2)O decomposition becomes independent of NO, reverting to the reaction mechanism previously reported by Heyden et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 1857].
Abstract Few allylic electrophiles containing two different substituents at a single allyl terminus and none in which one of the two substituents is a heteroatom, have been shown previously to react with iridium catalysts to form substitution products. We report that iridium‐catalysts are uniquely suited to form tertiary allylic fluorides enantioselectively by the addition of a diverse range of carbon‐centered nucleophiles at the fluorine‐containing terminus of 3‐fluoro‐substituted allylic esters. The products contain tertiary stereogenic centers bearing a single fluorine, which are isosteric with common tertiary stereocenters containing a single hydrogen. Computational studies reveal the principal steric interactions influencing the stability of endo and exo π‐allyl intermediates formed from 3,3‐disubstituted allylic electrophiles.
Abstract The synthesized title complex (III) (space group P1, Z=2) is characterized by NMR, IR, and MS data as well as by an X‐ray structure analysis.
Se resenan algunas de las propiedades fisico-electroquimicas de las peliculas de oxido pasivo que se forman sobre la superficie de metales y aleaciones reactivos, y que protegen a los metales subyacentes de la reaccion con ambientes corrosivos, dentro del contexto del Modelo de Defecto Puntual (PDM) y del Modelo de Potencial Mixto (MPM). Estos modelos rinden expresiones (PDM) o algoritmos numericos rapidamente convergentes (MPM) para la corriente del estado estacionario y el grosor de la pelicula, que se pueden usar para predecir de manera determinista la acumulacion de los danos de corrosion general de las superficies de los metales, siempre que la evolucion hacia el estado futuro sea continua y se pueda especificar. El calculo del dano se ilustra por estimacion de la perdida de grosor de la pared de contenedores de Aleacion-22 que contienen residuos nucleares de alta actividad en un deposito geologico ?seco? (por encima del nivel de las aguas freaticas). Los modelos predicen que los contenedores perderan unos 1,6 mm de grosor de pared, comparado con un grosor disenado de 2 cm, durante su vida disenada de 10.000 anos. Finalmente, se realiza una breve discusion sobre las condiciones que se han de dar para que un metal reactivo se transforme en pasivo, ya que es la retencion del caracter pasivo lo que hace posible emplear metales reactivos en nuestra civilizacion basada en los metales.
In this work, a gold-catalyzed oxidative coupling of alkenes with aryltrimethylsilanes is disclosed. Using trimethylsilanes instead of boronic acids reduces homocoupling byproducts and allows intramolecular coupling reactions. Furthermore, the scope of functional groups on the coupling partners can be expanded considerably, and substitution is tolerated in para, meta, and ortho positions.
We experimentally manipulated nutrient input to a rocky intertidal community, using nutrient-diffusing flowerpots, to determine ( i ) whether nutrients limited intertidal productivity, ( ii ) how a large-scale oceanographic disturbance (an El Niño event) affected patterns of nutrient limitation, ( iii ) the relative impacts of molluscan grazers and nutrient limitation, and ( iv ) if responses to experimental nutrient addition among trophic levels were more consistent with prey-dependent or ratio-dependent food chain models. Nutrients measurably increased the abundance of micrograzers (amphipods and chironomid larvae), but not algal biomass, during the summer of an El Niño year. Nutrients had no effects in two non-El Niño years and during the autumn of an El Niño year. Adding nutrients did not affect food chain stability as assessed by temporal variation in algal biomass and micrograzer abundance. Large molluscan grazers caused large reductions in micrograzers and smaller reductions in algae, indicating consistent consumer effects. The results demonstrate that in this intertidal community, nutrient limitation can occur under conditions of nutrient stress, that top-down grazing effects are typically stronger than bottom-up nutrient effects, and that prey-dependent models are more appropriate than ratio-dependent models.
