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Included here is the processed data illustrated in the figures of both the main text, and the supplemental material. Below is a description of each file's contents. <strong>Figure2Ddata.csv</strong> contains the data illustrated in Figure 2D of the main text. The data provided are normalized band populations, such that the value 1 corresponds to the entire atom number in the sample. The rows provide the band index; the first row of data corresponds to the n=1 band, the second row corresponds to the n=2 band, etc. The columns provide the measured turning angle in units of radians; the first column corresponds to a turning angle of zero, and the angle is incremented by pi/12 radians for each column that follows. Row 5 is the error for the n=1 population, row 6 is the error for the n=2 population, and row 7 is the error on the sum of the population in bands with index not equal to 1 or 2. <strong>Figure3Bdata.csv</strong> contains the data illustrated in Figure 3B of the main text. The five columns correspond to the five different trajectory evolution times (0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1.7, 2.1 milliseconds) shown in the Figure 3B. The first nine rows correspond to the nine trajectory midpoint positions in the Brillouin zone, as showed in Figure 3A; the first row corresponds to a midpoint at <strong>K</strong>. The next nine rows are the errors on the measurements. <strong>Figure4Cdata.csv </strong>contains the data illustrated in Figure 4C of the main text. The data provided are normalized band populations, such that the value 1 corresponds to the entire atom number in the sample. The rows provide the band index; the first row of data corresponds to the n=1 band, the second row corresponds to the n=2 band, etc. The columns provide the measured turning angle in units of radians; the first column corresponds to a turning angle of zero, and the angle is incremented by pi/6 radians for each column that follows. Row 11 is the error for the n=3 population, row 12 is the error for the n=4 population, and row 13 is the error on the sum of the population in bands with index not equal to 3 or 4. <strong>FigureS3data.csv </strong>contains the data illustrated in Figure 3 of the supplementary material. The first row is the data values, and the second row are the error bars. <strong>FigureS4data.csv </strong>contains the data illustrated in Figure 4 of the supplementary material. The first five rows are the normalized ground band population for five different trajectory mid points on the <strong>K</strong> - <strong>M</strong> - <strong>K'</strong> line of the Brillouin zone.; the first row is for a midpoint at <strong>K</strong>, and the fifth row is for a midpoint at <strong>M</strong>. The columns give the trajectory traversal times; the first column corresponds to a traversal time of 0.1 ms and each column corresponds to a new traversal time incremented by 0.2 ms. Rows 6-10 are the error bars for the measurements. <strong>FigureS6Bdata.csv </strong>contains the data illustrated in Figure 6B of the supplementary material. Rows 1-20 correspond to subpanel (iii) in the Figure S6 of the supplementary material. Rows 21-40 correspond to subpanel (ii) in the Figure S6 of the supplementary material. Rows 31-60 correspond to subpanel (i) in the Figure S6 of the supplementary material. Rows 1-10 correspond to the band index and give the normalized band population; row 1 corresponds to band index n=1 and row 10 corresponds to band index n=10. Rows 21-30 correspond to the band index and give the normalized band population; row 21 corresponds to band index n=1 and row 30 corresponds to band index n=10. Rows 41-50 correspond to the band index and give the normalized band population; row 41 corresponds to band index n=1 and row 50 corresponds to band index n=10. Rows 11-20 (31-40) [51-60] give the error in the band populations for measurements in panel iii (ii) [i]. <strong>FigureS6Cdata.csv </strong>contains the data illustrated in Figure 6C of the supplementary material. The first (second) column is the vertical (horizontal) axis. The fourth (third) column is the error in the points on the vertical (horizontal) axis.

Abstract Review: 211 refs.

Microtubules are dynamic polymers with central roles in the mitotic checkpoint, mitotic spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation. Agents that block mitotic progression and cell proliferation by interfering with microtubule dynamics (microtubule-targeted tubulin-polymerizing agents (MTPAs)) are powerful antitumor agents. Effects of MTPAs (e.g. paclitaxel) on microtubule dynamics have not yet been directly demonstrated in intact animals, however. Here we describe a method that measures microtubule dynamics as an exchange of tubulin dimers into microtubules in vivo. The incorporation of deuterium ((2)H(2)) from heavy water ((2)H(2)O) into tubulin dimers and polymers is measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In cultured human lung and breast cancer cell lines, or in tumors implanted into nude mice, tubulin dimers and polymerized microtubules exhibited nearly identical label incorporation rates, reflecting their rapid exchange. Administration of paclitaxel during 24 h of (2)H(2)O labeling in vivo reduced (2)H labeling in polymers while increasing (2)H in dimers, indicating diminished flux of dimers into polymers (i.e. inhibition of microtubule dynamic equilibrium). In vivo inhibition of microtubule dynamics was dose-dependent and correlated with inhibition of DNA replication, a stable isotopic measure of tumor cell growth. In contrast, microtubule polymers from sciatic nerve of untreated mice were not in dynamic equilibrium with tubulin dimers, and paclitaxel increased label incorporation into polymers. Our results directly demonstrate altered microtubule dynamics as an important action of MTPAs in vivo. This sensitive and quantitative in vivo assay of microtubule dynamics may prove useful for pre-clinical and clinical development of the next generation of MTPAs as anticancer drugs.

The smaller, the better: In situ synchrotron ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allows examination of the oxidation state of the surface of the rhodium nanoparticles (NPs) during CO oxidation in an O2 atmosphere. 2 nm NPs oxidize to a larger extent than 7 nm NPs during reaction at 150–200 °C, which correlates with a fivefold increase in turnover frequency for the smaller nanoparticles. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Thermopower measurements offer an alternative transport measurement that can characterize the dominant transport orbital and is independent of the number of molecules in the junction. This method is now used to explore the effect of chemical structure on the electronic structure and charge transport. We interrogate junctions, using a modified scanning tunneling microscope break junction technique, where: (i) the 1,4-benzenedithiol (BDT) molecule has been modified by the addition of electron-withdrawing or -donating groups such as fluorine, chlorine, and methyl on the benzene ring; and (ii) the thiol end groups on BDT have been replaced by the cyanide end groups. Cyanide end groups were found to radically change transport relative to BDT such that transport is dominated by the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in 1,4-benzenedicyanide, while substituents on BDT generated small and predictable changes in transmission.

The valorization of CO 2 to chemicals beyond C 1-2 products is receiving significant interest; however, the direct electrosynthesis of C n molecules (n &gt; 4) remains a challenge. Here, we present a two-step abiotic–biotic system for upgrading CO 2 into the biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). In the electrolysis system, CO 2 is converted into C 2 oxygenates using a Cu–Ag tandem electrocatalyst. The electrolysis process generates a liquid stream containing ~ 200 mM acetate in a bio-compatible electrolyte. This electrosynthesized acetate is then fed to a bioreactor, where the substrate is upgraded by Cupriavidus necator to biopolymer with a maximum rate of 32 ± 3.5 mg L −1 h −1 . We further demonstrate the purification of the resulting biopolymer into a powder. The high productivity of the abiotic–biotic system demonstrates its feasibility for sustainable chemical manufacturing.

The cores of stars are the cosmic furnaces where light elements are fused into heavier nuclei. The fusion of hydrogen to helium initially powers all stars. The ashes of the fusion reactions are then predicted to serve as fuel in a series of stages, eventually transforming massive stars into a structure of concentric shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside, and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by helium, carbon/oxygen, oxygen/neon/magnesium, and oxygen/silicon/sulphur. Silicon and sulphur are fused into inert iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the direct formation of a black hole. Stripped stars, where the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich layer (in Wolf-Rayet WN stars) or even the C/O layer below it (in Wolf-Rayet WC/WO stars) are exposed, provide evidence for this shell structure, and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The types of supernova explosions that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (most notably Type Ibn supernovae from stars with outer He layers, and Type Icn supernovae from stars with outer C/O layers) confirm this scenario. However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for the production of elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking. Here, we report the discovery of the first-of-its-kind supernova arising from a star peculiarly stripped all the way to the silicon and sulphur-rich internal layer. Whereas the concentric shell structure of massive stars is not under debate, it is the first time that such a thick, massive silicon and sulphur-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the SN explosion, has been directly revealed.