The following sections are included:INTRODUCTIONOVERSEAS R AND D EXPENDITURES: 1960–1980FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERCENTAGE OF A FIRM's R AND D EXPENDITURES CARRIED OUT OVERSEASOVERSEAS R AND D: MINIMUM ECONOMIC SCALE AND RELATIVE COSTOVERSEAS R AND D: NATURE OF WORK AND RELATION TO DOMESTIC R AND DCONCLUSIONSACKNOWLEDGMENTSNOTESREFERENCES
Summary form only given. Traditional circuit-based simulation of cellular neural networks and analog arrays is very slow and cumbersome. Much of the computation and memory space involved could be reduced if the data and computational structures of the program could mirror the architecture of the analog array. The authors present the details of such a simulator, named ASIM. The computations performed by ASIM are derived directly from the nonlinear differential equations describing the processing at each node and the internal data representation mirrors the architecture of analog arrays. ASIM is a graphical environment for simulating continuous-time continuous-variable computational arrays which have a regular structure, whose connectivity is nearest-neighbor, and whose nodal processing can be described by a set of nonlinear differential equations. The user need specify only the equations for nodal processing and the connectivity to neighboring processors. Input and output are graphical and show the state of all variables in the array as a function of time. The user may incorporate iteration of any internal variable to find optimal processing strategies or neighborhood organization. To aid the evaluation of algorithms which are to be fabricated in VLSI, the use can specify variances in any computational variable to simulate the effect of fabrication tolerances and may specify that certain variables have associated noise components. Both of these features make ASIM an ideal aid in developing analog array and cellular neural network algorithms which are more robust to implementation variability. The ASIM program runs on 80386 based IBM PC/AT computers using the MS-DOS operating system. It requires 2 Mbytes of extended memory and a VGA compatible graphics card.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Abstract Importance It is critical to develop a better understanding of the strategies provider organizations use to improve the performance of frontline clinicians and whether ACO participation is associated with differential adoption of these tools. Objectives Characterize the strategies that physician practices use to improve clinician performance and determine their association with ACOs and other payment reforms. Data Sources The National Survey of Healthcare Organizations and the National Survey of ACOs fielded 2017‐2018 (response rates = 47 percent and 48 percent). Study Design Descriptive analysis for practices participating and not participating in ACOs among 2190 physician practice respondents. Linear regressions to examine characteristics associated with counts of performance domains for which a practice used data for feedback, quality improvement, or physician compensation as dependent variables. Logistic and fractional regression to examine characteristics associated with use of peer comparison and shares of primary care and specialist compensation accounted for by performance bonuses, respectively. Principal Findings ACO‐affiliated practices feed back clinician‐level information and use it for quality improvement and compensation on more performance domains than non‐ACO‐affiliated practices. Performance measures contribute little to physician compensation irrespective of ACO participation. Conclusion ACO‐affiliated practices are using more performance improvement strategies than other practices, but base only a small fraction of compensation on quality or cost.
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
We present efficient algorithms for collision detection and contact determination between geometric models, described by linear or curved boundaries, undergoing rigid motion. The heart of our collision detection algorithm is a simple and fast incremental method to compute the distance between two convex polyhedra. It utilizes convexity to establish some local applicability criteria for verifying the closest features. A preprocessing procedure is used to subdivide each feature&apos;s neighboring features to a constant size and thus guarantee expected constant running time for each test. The expected constant time performance is an attribute from exploiting the geometric coherence and locality. Let n be the total number of features, the expected run time is between O( p n) and O(n) ...
The history of the university libraries of Romania correlates with the history of university structures to which they belong. During almost 50 years of totalitarianism, the Romanian libraries suffered a long period of international isolation and a continuous diminution of their collections from an informative point of view. The negative effects of this half century also exercised a bad influence over some other activities of the libraries (the quality of services and personnel, and on the other hand the quality of equipment and even the buildings), and finally decreased the level of their involvement in university life. Although the financial possibilities offered to libraries after the Revolution from December 1989 have grown considerably, no significant changes have been made from the structural point of view and no modernization policies have been established. To integrate the university libraries among the other goals of higher education, suggests that a proper strategy must be established, e.g. the promotion of a law for Romanian libraries; the adoption of a statute for Romanian librarians and documentalists; the setting up of a National Council of libraries; the planning of education to be closely correlated with the planning of libraries; the adoption of a national programme for the building of university libraries; the adoption of a national automation programme for the university libraries; the setting up of an evaluation system for university libraries.
We report the synthesis, properties, and biological applications of Ratio-Peroxyfluor-1 (RPF1), a new ratiometric fluorescent reporter for hydrogen peroxide. RPF1 is comprised of a two-fluorophore cassette, where the spectral overlap between coumarin donor and fluoran/fluorescein acceptor partners can be controlled by the chemoselective peroxide-mediated deprotection of boronic ester pendants on the acceptor dye. RPF1 features good selectivity for hydrogen peroxide over a variety of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide and nitric oxide, a ca. 8-fold increase in fluorescence intensity ratio (lambda517/lambda464) upon H2O2 reaction, and excitation and emission profiles in the visible region. Experiments with viable yeast mitochondria show that RPF1 can monitor and quantify endogenous production of H2O2, establishing the potential utility of this approach for probing peroxide biology in living systems.
In this work we illustrate how the tight-binding formalism can be used to accurately compute formation energies in multicomponent oxides. The large and complex unit cells of these systems make the application of precise ab initio local-density approximation (LDA) techniques very computer-time demanding. Consequently, simpler but less accurate methods, such as potential models, are usually used but at the expense of obtaining just qualitatively correct results. In addition, many ad hoc assumptions have to be taken in potential models to deal with charge transfer and many-body effects. The tight-binding method can naturally incorporate these effects in its formalism and still retain a low computational cost. Furthermore, we will show that it can accurately describe the energetics of oxides once its parameters are fitted to precise LDA calculations. These considerations are important when computing temperature-composition phase diagrams since formation energies of many ordered structures are the crucial input to the calculation. We used the CaO-MgO system as a prototype system to illustrate the effectiveness of the tight-binding method. We show that by fitting its parameters to ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential calculations for a few simple ordered structures the formation energy of more complex structures can be easily predicted. We also compute the solubility limits of the CaO-MgO phase diagram. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
