As analog and digital circuits have become more intertwined, we need to create a validation approach that handles both circuit types gracefully. This paper proposes a model-first approach, where one creates functional models of the analog blocks that will work in a HDL simulator, and then uses these models in the same way as HDL models are used for other standard cells: they are used in the full system validation, and the underlying implementations are validated to ensure they meet this specification. While creating functional models for the analog blocks might seem difficult, almost all analog blocks can be modeled as linear systems and we use this property to help create the required functional model.
This Viewpoint discusses whether commonly occuring, sometimes divergent interpretations of new evidence’s validity and usefulness should be explained when experts and guideline committees provide recommendations for screening or treatment.
Incorrect Medication Reported: In the News From the Food and Drug Administration item entitled "Generic for Opioid Use Disorder," 1 published in the July 17, 2018, issue of JAMA, an incorrect medication was reported.In the second paragraph, the second sentence should have read as follows: "Buprenorphine, naltrexone, and methadone are FDA-approved to help patients who misuse opioids."This article was corrected online.1. Voelker R. Generic for opioid use disorder.
Mounting evidence suggests that there is frequently considerable variation in the risk of the outcome of interest in clinical trial populations. These differences in risk will often cause clinically important heterogeneity in treatment effects (HTE) across the trial population, such that the balance between treatment risks and benefits may differ substantially between large identifiable patient subgroups; the "average" benefit observed in the summary result may even be non-representative of the treatment effect for a typical patient in the trial. Conventional subgroup analyses, which examine whether specific patient characteristics modify the effects of treatment, are usually unable to detect even large variations in treatment benefit (and harm) across risk groups because they do not account for the fact that patients have multiple characteristics simultaneously that affect the likelihood of treatment benefit. Based upon recent evidence on optimal statistical approaches to assessing HTE, we propose a framework that prioritizes the analysis and reporting of multivariate risk-based HTE and suggests that other subgroup analyses should be explicitly labeled either as primary subgroup analyses (well-motivated by prior evidence and intended to produce clinically actionable results) or secondary (exploratory) subgroup analyses (performed to inform future research). A standardized and transparent approach to HTE assessment and reporting could substantially improve clinical trial utility and interpretability.
This paper describes the design of a high speed interface for a multiprocessor interconnection network. To achieve higher transfer rates, the interface utilizes a voltage swing of 1 V, a Delay Line PLL and sampling of the data on both edges of the clock. Chips fabricated in a 0.8 pm CMOS technology achieve transfer rates of 700 Mbpdpin operating from a 3.3-V supply. Worst case measured peak-to-peak clock jitter is 260 ps (63 ps RMS). The layout area occupied by the DLL and the associated clock duty cycle adjuster is 460x800 pni2.
A 14b digital-to-analog converter, employing a fine/course slope technique, fabricated in standard monolithic bipolar technology, will be reported. System features a precision sample and hold amplifier and post package trim resulting in 0.003% nonlinearity. Conversion time is 20μ.
