2,497 publications from this institution
The majority of examined studies claimed that they found factors that could offer additional predictive value beyond what the FRS could achieve; however, most had flaws in their design, analyses, and reporting that cast some doubt on the reliability of the claims for improved prediction.
We describe a timing analysis algorithm which can achieve the efficiency of RC tree analysis while retaining much of the generality of Asymptotic Waveform Estimation. RC tree analysis from switch level simulation is generalized to handle piecewise linear transistor models, non tree topologies, floating capacitors, and feedback. For simple switch level models the complexity is O(n). The algorithm allows the user to trade off efficiency vs accuracy through the selection of transistor models of varying complexity.
One frequently cited reason for the lack of wide deployment of cryptographic protocols is the (perceived) poor performance of the algorithms they employ and their impact on the rest of the system. Although high-performance dedicated cryptographic accelerator cards have been commercially available for some time, market penetration remains low. We take a different approach, seeking to exploit {\it existing system resources,} such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to accelerate cryptographic processing. We exploit the ability for GPUs to simultaneously process large quantities of pixels to offload cryptographic processing from the main processor. We demonstrate the use of GPUs for stream ciphers, which can achieve 75\% the performance of a fast CPU. We also investigate the use of GPUs for block ciphers, discuss operations that make certain ciphers unsuitable for use with a GPU, and compare the performance of an OpenGL-based implementation of AES with implementations utilizing general CPUs. In addition to offloading system resources, the ability to perform encryption and decryption within the GPU has potential applications in image processing by limiting exposure of the plaintext to within the GPU.
Abstract BACKGROUND There is controversy regarding whether P‐glycoprotein (Pgp) may be a prognostic factor for the response to chemotherapy and clinical disease progression in patients with osteosarcoma. METHODS The authors conducted a meta‐analysis of 14 studies ( n = 631 patients) that evaluated the correlation between Pgp and histologic response to chemotherapy and clinical disease progression (death, metastasis, or recurrence). Data were synthesized in receiver operating characteristic curves and with fixed‐effects and random‐effects likelihood ratios and risk ratios. RESULTS Pgp had no discriminating ability for identifying poor responders versus good responders to chemotherapy: The positive likelihood ratio was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.93–1.43), and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.65–1.18; random‐effects calculations). There was some between‐study heterogeneity, but no study showed strong discriminating ability. Conversely, Pgp positivity increased the risk of disease progression 1.92‐fold (95% CI, 1.18–3.13; random‐effects calculations) with some between‐study heterogeneity that disappeared when only studies that employed immunohistochemistry were considered (risk ratio, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.37–3.64). The results were robust in various sensitivity analyses, although smaller studies tended to show stronger associations with the risk of disease progression compared with larger studies ( P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The available evidence showed conclusively that Pgp was not associated with the histologic response of patients with osteosarcoma to combination chemotherapy regimens. Conversely, Pgp positivity, as determined by immunohistochemistry, was a strong correlate of more rapid disease progression, although there was heterogeneity across the performed studies that, to some extent, may have reflected bias, differential measurements of Pgp, or confounding with other risk factors. Cancer 2003;98:581–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11546
This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on new technologies to replace CMOS. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the future for silicon based technologies; the economics involved; new chip design considerations; the likely future of scaling; and the major benefits and drawbacks of silicon based chips.
A novel method is presented for building high-performance pin electronics circuitry using conventional CMOS technology. To demonstrate the feasibility of these circuit techniques, a prototype processing-element chip consisting of four I/O channels was designed in a 2- mu m double-metal CMOS technology. It contains 13 K transistors in a die size of 3.9 mm*5.3 mm. Running at 33 Mvectors/s, the chip dissipates 125 mW with a 5-V supply. The authors feel that it is possible to build practical integrated pin electronics for functional VLSI testers with a technology only as good as that of the design under test.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ABSTRACT Healthcare workers may have different risk for severe outcomes compared with the general population during diverse crises. This paper introduces the concept of healthcare worker versus population hazard (HPH), the risk of an outcome of interest in active healthcare workers compared with the general population they serve. HPH can be expressed with relative risk (HPH(r)) and absolute risk difference (HPH(a)) metrics. Illustrative examples are drawn from infectious outbreaks, war, and the COVID-19 pandemic on death outcomes. HPH can be extreme for lethal outbreaks (HPH(r)=30 to 143, HPH(a)=8 to 91 per 1000 for Ebola deaths in 3 Western African countries in 2013-5), and modestly high in relative terms and very high in absolute terms for protracted, major armed conflicts (HPH(r)=1.38 and HPH(a)=10.2 for Syria during 2011-2024). Conversely, healthcare workers had 8-12-fold lower risk than the population they served for pandemic excess deaths (physicians in USA) or COVID-19 deaths (physicians in Ontario, healthcare workers in Finland), while healthcare workers in Indonesia did not have this advantage for COVID-19 deaths versus the general population. HPH is susceptible to data inaccuracies in numbers of at-risk populations and of outcomes of interest. Importantly, inferences about healthcare worker risk can be misleading, if deaths of retired healthcare workers contaminate the risk calculations – as in the case of misleading early perceptions of exaggerated COVID-19 risk for healthcare professionals. HPH can offer useful insights for risk assessment to healthcare professionals, the general public, and policy makers and may be useful to monitor for planning and interventions during crises.
Background There are no analyses of citations to books on epidemiological and statistical methods in the biomedical literature. Such analyses may shed light on how concepts and methods changed while biomedical research evolved. Our aim was to analyze the number and time trends of citations received from biomedical articles by books on epidemiological and statistical methods, and related disciplines. Methods and Findings The data source was the Web of Science. The study books were published between 1957 and 2010. The first year of publication of the citing articles was 1945. We identified 125 books that received at least 25 citations. Books first published in 1980–1989 had the highest total and median number of citations per year. Nine of the 10 most cited texts focused on statistical methods. Hosmer and Lemeshow's Applied logistic regression received the highest number of citations and highest average annual rate. It was followed by books by Fleiss, Armitage, et al., Rothman, et al., and Kalbfleisch and Prentice. Fifth in citations per year was Sackett, et al., Evidence-based medicine. The rise of multivariate methods, clinical epidemiology, or nutritional epidemiology was reflected in the citation trends. Educational textbooks, practice-oriented books, books on epidemiological substantive knowledge, and on theory and health policies were much less cited. None of the 25 top-cited books had the theoretical or sociopolitical scope of works by Cochrane, McKeown, Rose, or Morris. Conclusions Books were mainly cited to reference methods. Books first published in the 1980s continue to be most influential. Older books on theory and policies were rooted in societal and general medical concerns, while the most modern books are almost purely on methods.
Abstract Background Infectious diseases carry large global burdens and have implications for society at large. Therefore, reproducible, transparent research is extremely important. Methods We evaluated transparency indicators (code and data sharing, registration, and conflict and funding disclosures) in the 5340 PubMed Central Open Access articles published in 2019 or 2021 in the 9 most cited specialty journals in infectious diseases using the text-mining R package, rtransparent. Results A total of 5340 articles were evaluated (1860 published in 2019 and 3480 in 2021 [of which 1828 were on coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19]). Text mining identified code sharing in 98 (2%) articles, data sharing in 498 (9%), registration in 446 (8%), conflict of interest disclosures in 4209 (79%), and funding disclosures in 4866 (91%). There were substantial differences across the 9 journals: 1%–9% for code sharing, 5%–25% for data sharing, 1%–31% for registration, 7%–100% for conflicts of interest, and 65%–100% for funding disclosures. Validation-corrected imputed estimates were 3%, 11%, 8%, 79%, and 92%, respectively. There were no major differences between articles published in 2019 and non-COVID-19 articles in 2021. In 2021, non-COVID-19 articles had more data sharing (12%) than COVID-19 articles (4%). Conclusions Data sharing, code sharing, and registration are very uncommon in infectious disease specialty journals. Increased transparency is required.
Until we have a meaningful alternative, lockdown is the only thing we can do to prevent further catastrophic spread of the virus, says <b>Edward R Melnick</b>. But <b>John PA Ioannidis</b> argues that any benefits of lockdown depend on its effectiveness and the covid-19 burden—and that the harms are multifarious
