This paper describes the construction and analysis of several diagrams which depict SRT division algorithms. These diagrams yield insight into the operation of the algorithms and the many implementation tradeoffs available in custom circuit design. Examples of simple low radix diagrams are shown, as well as tables for higher radices. The tables were generated by a program which can create and verify the diagrams for different division schemes. Also discussed is a custom CMOS integrated circuit designed which performs SRT division using self-timed circuit techniques. This chip implements an intermediate approach between a fully combinational array and a fully iterative in time method in order to get both speed and small silicon area.
European Journal of Clinical InvestigationVolume 49, Issue 7 e13125 EDITORIAL Lethal news: The dexterous infiltration of news media by the tobacco industry agenda John P. A. Ioannidis, Corresponding Author John P. A. Ioannidis jioannid@stanford.edu Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California Departments of Health Research and Policy, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California Correspondence John P. A. Ioannidis, Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. Email: jioannid@stanford.eduSearch for more papers by this author John P. A. Ioannidis, Corresponding Author John P. A. Ioannidis jioannid@stanford.edu Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California Departments of Health Research and Policy, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California Correspondence John P. A. Ioannidis, Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. Email: jioannid@stanford.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 May 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13125Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume49, Issue7July 2019e13125 RelatedInformation
Academic affiliations remain prominent among the authors of the most frequently cited medical research. Such research is increasingly funded by industry, often exclusively so. Academics may be losing control of the clinical research agenda.
This circuit demonstrates a self-timed iterating ring which attains the speed of a combinational array while using only a fraction of the silicon area. The stages in the ring compute mantissa quotient digits for a floating-point division operation. Unlike circuits which implement self-timing by using a matched on-chip clock generator to provide an internal clock for synchronous blocks, the circuit of this paper uses local control handshaking between fully asynchronous blocks and will operate correctly for any values of gate delays. To avoid requiring matching path delays, completion information is embedded in the data throughout the design by using dual monotonic wire pairs. The precharged function blocks use merged n-channel pull-down networks to choose which of the wires in each pair to set high.
A technique called charge recovery or adiabatic switching has been proposed to trade speed for energy consumption in CMOS circuits. We compare the speed/power of charge recovery to standard CMOS logic operating at different supply voltages and demonstrate that the overhead of charge recovery limits the overall power savings. In almost all cases, voltage scaled CMOS dissipates less power for the same level of performance.
The p-curve, the distribution of statistically significant p-values of published studies, has been used to make inferences on the proportion of true effects and on the presence of p-hacking in the published literature. We analyze the p-curve for observational research in the presence of p-hacking. We show by means of simulations that even with minimal omitted-variable bias (e.g., unaccounted confounding) p-curves based on true effects and p-curves based on null-effects with p-hacking cannot be reliably distinguished. We also demonstrate this problem using as practical example the evaluation of the effect of malaria prevalence on economic growth between 1960 and 1996. These findings call recent studies into question that use the p-curve to infer that most published research findings are based on true effects in the medical literature and in a wide range of disciplines. p-values in observational research may need to be empirically calibrated to be interpretable with respect to the commonly used significance threshold of 0.05. Violations of randomization in experimental studies may also result in situations where the use of p-curves is similarly unreliable.
The importance of adequate intervention descriptions in minimising research waste and improving research usability and reproducibility has gained attention in the past few years. Nearly all focus to date has been on intervention reporting in randomised trials. Yet clinicians are encouraged to use systematic reviews, whenever available, rather than single trials to inform their practice. This article explores the problem and implications of incomplete intervention details during the planning, conduct, and reporting of systematic reviews and makes recommendations for review authors, peer reviewers, and journal editors
ABSTRACT Background Post-pandemic years are characterized by widespread previous population immunisation against COVID-19. Whether and for whom SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations are still justified is unclear. We use nationwide estimates of IFR and literature derived estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) to calculate numbers needed to vaccinate to prevent one COVID-19 death (NNV) and for one life-year saved (LYS) in Austria in 2024. Methods In this retrospective analysis we calculate SARS-CoV-2 IFR during 2024 in Austria according to previously published wastewater-based infection estimates and available mortality data. Using literature derived VE estimates we calculate NNV to prevent one COVID-19 death and for one LYS in strata according to age groups, nursing home residency and vaccination in 2024. We repeat analyses with sensitivity range values of parameters. Results In 2024, total IFR was 0.048%. NNV (LYS) in the age groups 0-19, 20-39, 40-59, 60-74 and 75-84 years were very high: e.g. 5,497,526 (151,570), 2,432,498 (92,614), 415,714 (24,777), 35,925 (3,748), and 4,882 (1,009), respectively, in community dwellers. In the 85+ years age group, IFRs of unvaccinated/vaccinated were 0.91%/0.77% for community dwellers, and 1.22%/1.04% for nursing home residents. The 85+ year age group had NNV estimates of 1,215 and 907 (LYS: 525 and 1,896) in community dweller and nursing home residents, respectively. Sensitivity analyses yielded LYS<1,000 only under some favourable assumptions in the 75-84 and 85+ years old age strata. Conclusions In 2024 SARS-CoV-2 IFR was low and NNV and LYS of COVID-19 vaccinations correspondingly non-favourably high, even for very old individuals.
