As integrated circuit technology continues to scale into the nanometer regime, the effect of crosstalk on circuit timing becomes significant. Static timing analysis shows that crosstalk routinely adds 10% to 20% delay to the critical path of a design. However, many aggressor/victim switching combinations are infeasible due to inherent circuit operating constraints, thereby contributing to the mismatch between timing analysis and actual silicon performance. This paper proposes a novel timing analysis technique where circuit functionality, delay, and crosstalk are simultaneously considered using time-sliced Boolean logic. The worst case timing on the critical path end point is calculated to be the minimum and maximum time slices where the timed Boolean logic on its coupled fanin cone is satisfiable. Up to 1-ns reduction in timing pessimism on 0.13-/spl mu/m industrial designs was observed. Furthermore, results on special circuit topologies such as data busses with coupled interleaved inverters match well with results from exhaustive Spice simulation sweeps with up to 50% reduction in timing pessimism over timing analysis that does not consider false coupling.
Informed consent has been the cornerstone of conducting ethical research involving humans. However, it is increasingly argued that consent bias distorts results; that consent is prohibitively burde...
Interconnect architectures which leverage high-bandwidth optical channels offer a promising solution to address the increasing chip-to-chip I/O bandwidth demands. This paper describes a dense, high-speed, and low-power CMOS optical interconnect transceiver architecture. Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) data rate is extended for a given average current and corresponding reliability level with a four-tap current summing FIR transmitter. A low-voltage integrating and double-sampling optical receiver front-end provides adequate sensitivity in a power efficient manner by avoiding linear high-gain elements common in conventional transimpedance-amplifier (TIA) receivers. Clock recovery is performed with a dual-loop architecture which employs baud-rate phase detection and feedback interpolation to achieve reduced power consumption, while high-precision phase spacing is ensured at both the transmitter and receiver through adjustable delay clock buffers. A prototype chip fabricated in 1 V 90 nm CMOS achieves 16 Gb/s operation while consuming 129 mW and occupying 0.105 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
ABSTRACT Both citation and funding metrics converge in shaping current perceptions of academic success. We aimed to evaluate what proportion of the most-cited USA-based biomedical scientists are funded by biomedical federal agencies and whether funded scientists are more cited than not funded ones. We linked a Scopus-based database on top-cited researchers (n=75,316 USA-based) and the NIH RePORTER database of 33 biomedical federal agencies (n=204,603 grant records) with matching based on name and institution. The 40,887 USA-based top-cited scientists who were allocated to any of 69 scientific subfields highly related to biomedicine were considered in the main analysis. The proportion of USA-based top-cited biomedical scientists (based on career-long citation impact) who had received any federal funding from biomedical research agencies was 63% for any funding (1996-2022), 21% for recent funding (2015-2022), and 14% for current funding (2021-2022). Respective proportions were 65%, 31%, and 21%, when top-cited scientists based on recent single year impact were considered. There was large variability across scientific subfields. No subfield had more than 31% of its top-cited USA-based scientists (career-long impact) currently funded. Funded top-cited researchers were overall more cited than non-funded top-cited scientists, e.g. mean (median) 14,420 (8983) versus 8,445 (4613) (p<0.001) and a substantial difference remained (, after adjusting for subfield and years since first publication. Differences were more prominent in some specific biomedical subfields. Overall, biomedical federal funding has offered support to approximately two-thirds of the top-cited biomedical scientists at some point during the last quarter century, but only a small minority of top-cited scientists have current federal biomedical funding. The large unevenness across subfields needs to be addressed with ways that improve equity, efficiency, excellence, and translational potential.
A Reduced Instruction Set Computer with a 5-stage pipeline implemented with 150K transistors on an 8mm×8.5mm chip in a 2μm, 2 layer metal CMOS process, will be reported. At operational frequency of 20MHz, a 12MIPS performance has been achieved.
Abstract As of October 2020, there are >1 million documented deaths with COVID‐19. Excess deaths can be caused by both COVID‐19 and the measures taken. COVID‐19 shows extremely strong risk stratification across age, socioeconomic factors, and clinical factors. Calculation of years‐of‐life‐lost from COVID‐19 is methodologically challenging and can yield misleading over‐estimates. Many early deaths may have been due to suboptimal management, malfunctional health systems, hydroxychloroquine, sending COVID‐19 patients to nursing homes, and nosocomial infections; such deaths are partially avoidable moving forward. About 10% of the global population may be infected by October 2020. Global infection fatality rate is 0.15‐0.20% (0.03‐0.04% in those <70 years), with large variability across locations with different age‐structure, institutionalization rates, socioeconomic inequalities, population‐level clinical risk profile, public health measures, and health care. There is debate on whether at least 60% of the global population must be infected for herd immunity, or, conversely, mixing heterogeneity and pre‐existing cross‐immunity may allow substantially lower thresholds. Simulations are presented with a total of 1.58‐8.76 million COVID‐19 deaths over 5‐years (1/2020‐12/2024) globally (0.5‐2.9% of total global deaths). The most favorable figures in that range would be feasible if high risk groups can be preferentially protected with lower infection rates than the remaining population. Death toll may also be further affected by potential availability of effective vaccines and treatments, optimal management and measures taken, COVID‐19 interplay with influenza and other health problems, reinfection potential, and any chronic COVID‐19 consequences. Targeted, precise management of the pandemic and avoiding past mistakes would help minimize mortality.
<p>PDF - 27KB, Percentage of CEC associated papers by scientific area.</p>
The rapid and continuing progress in gene discovery for complex diseases is fueling interest in the potential application of genetic risk models for clinical and public health practice. The number of studies assessing the predictive ability is steadily increasing, but they vary widely in completeness of reporting and apparent quality. Transparent reporting of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies is important to facilitate the accumulation of evidence on genetic risk prediction. A multidisciplinary workshop sponsored by the Human Genome Epidemiology Network developed a checklist of 25 items recommended for strengthening the reporting of Genetic RIsk Prediction Studies (GRIPS), building on the principles established by previous reporting guidelines. These recommendations aim to enhance the transparency, quality and completeness of study reporting, and thereby to improve the synthesis and application of information from multiple studies that might differ in design, conduct or analysis.
To determine whether dietary interventions that reduce headache also improve sleep and stress in adults with migraine. We conducted a 16-week, three arm, parallel group, randomized, modified double blind, controlled trial in North Carolina. Participants were 182 adults (88% women, mean age 38y) with migraines on 5–20 days per month. The 3 diets were designed with EPA, DHA, and linoleic acid altered as controlled variables: H3 diet (n = 61)—increase EPA + DHA to 1.5 g/day and maintain linoleic acid at around 7% of energy; H3L6 diet (n = 61)—increase n-3 EPA + DHA to 1.5 g/day and decrease linoleic acid to ≤ 1.8% of energy; control diet (n = 60)—maintain EPA + DHA at <150 mg/day and linoleic acid at around 7% of energy. Sleep quality, stress rating, and the number of headache hours per day were pre-specified endpoints assessed daily with an electronic diary. Sleep quality was rated on a 1–4 scale, with higher score indicating better quality. Stress was rated on a 0–10 scale, with higher score indicating more stress. Longitudinal mixed models were used to estimate between-group differences at end of study. Mediation analyses examining headache hours as a mediator (paramed command in Stata 17) controlled for baseline BMI, age, sex, headache hours, and baseline values of the respective outcome. At baseline, mean sleep quality was 2.5 (SD 0.5) and stress rating was 3.0 (SD 1.6). In intention-to-treat analyses, the H3L6 group significantly increased sleep quality and reduced stress level relative to the control group (difference 0.2, 95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.3; −0.6, −0.9 to −0.3, respectively). There was a similar trend in the H3 vs. control group, although only statistically significant for increased sleep quality (0.1, 0.02 to 0.2) but not for reduced stress rating (−0.3, −0.6 to 0.02). In mediation analyses, the reduction in headache hours per day explained ∼60% of the effect of the combined interventions on sleep quality (natural indirect effect = 0.09, p = 0.006). For stress, the reduction in headache hours per day explained ∼45% of the effect of the combined interventions (natural indirect effect = −0.14, p = 0.078). The H3L6 intervention improved sleep quality and decreased stress. Findings suggest that these improvements occurred partially as a result of headache reduction. NCCIH.
This paper presents methods for efficient power minimization at circuit and micro-architectural levels. The potential energy savings are strongly related to the energy profile of a circuit. These savings are obtained by using gate sizing, supply voltage, and threshold voltage optimization, to minimize energy consumption subject to a delay constraint. The true power minimization is achieved when the energy reduction potentials of all tuning variables are balanced. We derive the sensitivity of energy to delay for each of the tuning variables connecting its energy saving potential to the physical properties of the circuit. This helps to develop understanding of optimization performance and identify the most efficient techniques for energy reduction. The optimizations are applied to some examples that span typical circuit topologies including inverter chains, SRAM decoders, and adders. At a delay of 20% larger than the minimum, energy savings of 40% to 70% are possible, indicating that achieving peak performance is expensive in terms of energy. Energy savings of about 50% can be achieved without delay penalty with the balancing of sizes, supplies, and thresholds.
Meta-analysis may be used to improve the power and examine the between-dataset heterogeneity of genome-wide association studies. Prospective designs may be most efficient, if they try to maximize the overlap of genotyping platforms and anticipate the combination of data across many genome-wide association studies.
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This survey analysis of randomized clinical trials registered within 100 days of the first reported case of coronavirus disease 2019 assessed recruitment and results reporting.
