In 72 patients with primary aldosteronism who were classified on the basis of adrenal pathology after adrenalectomy, analysis of routine clinical and laboratory data, of supine and upright plasma aldosterone, and of plasma renin activity were of limited value in differentiating patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma(s) (APA, n = 59) from those with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (IAH, n = 13). Normokalemic aldosteronism occurred in 6 patients (3 APA, 3 IAH). A correct classification of the adrenal lesion(s) was obtained in 80% of the patients by computed tomography and only in 69% by adrenal scintiscan. In addition, adrenal scintiscan was hampered by a relatively high rate of incorrect results independent of whether dexamethasone was used or not. Small adenomas (less than 1 cm) and more often adrenal hyperplasia may escape visualization by computed tomography.
In a severe accident, one possible strategy to prevent basemat melt-through is to flood the outside of the RPV (Reactor Pressurized Vessel) and to stabilize the molten core inside the vessel. In-Vessel Retention (IVR) is effective if the heat fluxes on the water-cooled outside of the vessel permanently stay below related CHF-limits. The prediction of the underlying heat flux profiles is typically based on the assumption of a stratified molten pool with a metal layer on top and natural convection-driven heat transfer inside and between the layers as well as to the vessel walls and the free surface. This paper summarizes the results AREVA NP assessment of thermo-chemical phenomena with respect to their impact on IVR. Among the analyzed phenomena, the formation and relocation of a dense metallic phase, the growth of a refractory surface crust, and the increase in the fission product inventory of the metal phase were identified as the most relevant ones. Among these the potential risk related with a dense metal layer was found to be highest, because of, first the reduction of the light metal layer thickness and the related aggravation of the focusing effect and secondly the high superheat of the dense metal (inside the oxidic pool) and the possibility of its transient thermal contact with the vessel wall in cases of: i) a local failure of the oxidic crust that protects the vessel wall, or ii) a 'late' rise of the superheated metal back to the surface. The potential impact of the second issue, transient thermal loads on the vessel, is considered to be potentially even higher but its relevance can not be evaluated because appropriate experimental data are missing.
Spatial Analysis and GIS.- Spatial Analysis in Geography.- Spatial Interaction Models and the Role of Geographic Information Systems.- GIS and Network Analysis.- Expert Systems and Artificial Neural Networks for Spatial Analysis and Modelling.- Computational Intelligence in Spatial Data Analysis.- Computational Neural Networks - Tools for Spatial Data Analysis.- Artificial Neural Networks: A New Approach to Modelling Interregional Telecommunication Flows.- A Genetic-Algorithms Based Evolutionary Computational Neural Network for Modelling Spatial Interaction Data.- GeoComputation in Remote Sensing Environments.- Evaluation of Neural Pattern Classifiers for a Remote Sensing Application.- Optimisation in an Error Backpropagation Neural Network Environment with a Performance Test on a Spectral Pattern Classification Problem.- Fuzzy ARTMAP - A Neural Classifier for Multispectral Image Classification.- New Frontiers in Neural Spatial Interaction Modelling.- Neural Network Modelling of Constrained Spatial Interaction Flows.- Learning in Neural Spatial Interaction Models: A Statistical Perspective.- A Methodology for Neural Spatial Interaction Modelling.
No abstract is provided for this article.
1 Regional Development Reconsidered: A Prologue.- A: Innovation Systems, Learning Regions and Human Resources.- 2 A Systemic Approach to Innovation.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Innovation Process.- 2.3 Knowledge Creation and Spillovers.- 2.4 The Systems of Innovation Approach.- 2.5 Regional Systems of Innovation.- 2.6 Some Policy Implications.- References.- 3 Regional Industrial Policy and the New Economy.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Models of Industrial Organisation.- 3.3 Innovation and Knowledge Production.- 3.4 The Impact of the New Economy on the Organisation of Industry.- 3.5 Processes of Learning and Labour Training.- 3.6 The Territorial Network Approach.- 3.7 Policies for Territorial Networks.- 3.8 Policy Tools for the Interregional Production Cooperation.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 4 Human Resources and Regional Development.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Human Resource Development: Some International Comparisons Comparisons.- 4.3 The Learning Economy, the Learning Society and Learning Regions.- 4.4 The Role of Universities in Regional Development.- 4.5 Setting Learning Targets: A Regional Perspective.- 4.6 Human Resource Development and Regional Strategies.- 4.7 Conclusions.- References.- B: Competitiveness and Cooperation.- 5 The Role of Public Institutions in Regional Competition.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Regional Competition by Public Institutions.- 5.3 Political Models of Regional Competition: Basic Approaches.- 5.4 Political Regional Competition within an Administrative Sector.- 5.5 Political Regional Competition within a Federation.- 5.6 Political Fiscal Regional Competition and Political Competition of Municipalities and Public Firms.- 5.7 Summary and Outlook.- References.- 6 Regional Cooperation of the Baltic States: Implications for Membership in the European Union.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Background of the Baltic States.- 6.3 Organisational Structures for Regional Cooperation.- 6.4 Contemporary Situation in Baltic States.- 6.5 Baltic States and Security.- References.- C: Mobility in Transport Systems in Europe.- 7 The Role of Infrastructure for Expansion and Integration.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Treaty and Statutory Basis of EU Action.- 7.3 The Role of the EU in Transport and Transport Infrastructure.- 7.7 TENs, TINA and Infrastructure Pricing.- 7.5 Assessment of Policy Objectives and Achievements.- References.- 8 Restructuring of Transportation Networks.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Review of Basic Theoretical Approaches.- 8.3 Aggregate Productivity Models: The Aschauer Debate.- 8.4 Input-Output Models.- 8.5 New Economic Geography Models.- 8.6 Measurement Issues.- 8.7 Evaluation and Appraisal.- 8.8 Conclusions.- References.- 9 Socio-economic Dynamics and Spatial Mobility: A Scenario Application to Environmental Strategies in Transport.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Decision Making and Scenarios.- 9.3 Assessment of the Base Scenarios.- 9.4 Energy Consumption of Present and Future Transport Modes.- 9.5 Electricity and Motor Fuels.- 9.6 Developments in Passenger Mobility.- 9.7 Analysis of Results.- 9.8 Conclusions.- References.- D: Regional Development and Policy Issues.- 10 Some Effects of Regional Differentiation on Integration in the European Community.- 10.1 Regional Differentiation and Integration.- 10.2 Turkish Regional Disparities.- 10.3 Results: Analysing Regional Disparities.- 10.4 Conclusions.- References.- 11 An Institutional and Cultural Perspective on Romanian Regional Development Policy.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Regional Development Policy in Romenia: Institutional Reforms.- 11.3 Cultural and Behavioural Challenges in the Implementation of Regional Policies.- 11.4 Conclusions.- References.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.- Author Index.- List of Contributors.
The focus in this article is on knowledge spillovers between high‐technology firms in Europe, as captured by patent citations. The European coverage is given by patent applications at the European Patent Office that are assigned to high‐technology firms located in the EU‐25 member states (except Cyprus and Malta), the two accession countries Bulgaria and Romania, and Norway and Switzerland. By following the paper trail left by citations between these high‐technology patents we adopt a Poisson spatial interaction modeling perspective to identify and measure spatial separation effects to interregional knowledge spillovers. In doing so we control for technological proximity between the regions, as geographical distance could be just proxying for technological proximity. The study produces prima facie evidence that geography matters. First, geographical distance has a significant impact on knowledge spillovers, and this effect is substantial. Second, national border effects are important and dominate geographical distance effects. Knowledge flows within European countries more easily than across. Not only geography, but also technological proximity matters. Interregional knowledge flows are industry specific and occur most often between regions located close to each other in technological space.
The metropolitan region of Stockholm has essentially a polycentric structure in which the city of Stockholm itself, the Swedish capital, is by far the strongest player. The rest of the Mälar region can be said to constitute the hinterland of metropolitan...
Verklonung von Unterlagen-Zuchtmaterial von Malus, Pirus und Prunus mahaleb durch Grünstecklinge unter Sprühnebel was published in Band 17, Heft 1 1969 on page 15.
Two alternative methodological approaches (the IPFP‐based and the intramax procedures) to the problem of pattern identification in spatial interaction data are compared and evaluated in this paper. After a general discussion of the major characteristics and shortcomings of these methodologies, the paper presents the findings of a case study relying on telecommunication data measured by the Austrian PTT in 1991, in terms of erlangs. The results clearly illustrate the superiority of the intramax approach in the context of medium‐sized and relatively centralized flow systems.
This paper uses a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model to analyze the relationship between FDI inflows and output dynamics in a multi-country context. The GVAR model enables us to make two important contributions: First, to model international linkages among a large number of countries, which is a key asset given the diversity of countries involved, and second, to model foreign direct investment and output dynamics jointly. The country-specific small-dimensional vector autoregressive submodels are estimated utilizing a Bayesian version of the model coupled with stochastic search variable selection priors to account for model uncertainty. Using a sample of 15 emerging and advanced economies over the period 1998:Q1 to 2012:Q4, we find that US outbound FDI exerts a positive long-term effect on output. Asian and Latin American economies tend to react faster and also stronger than Western European countries. Forecast error variance decompositions indicate that FDI plays a prominent role in explaining GDP fluctuations, especially in emerging market economies. Our findings provide evidence for policy makers to design macroeconomic policies to attract FDI inflows in the respective countries.
No abstract is provided for this article.
This paper uses Bayesian model comparison methods to simultaneously specify both the spatial weight structure and explanatory variables for a spatial growth regression involving 255 NUTS 2 regions across 25 European countries. In addition, a correct interpretation of the spatial regression parameter estimates that takes into account the simultaneous feedback nature of the spatial autoregressive model is provided. Our findings indicate that incorporating model uncertainty in conjunction with appropriate parameter interpretation decreased the importance of explanatory variables traditionally thought to exert an important influence on regional income growth rates.
This chapter offers a review on modern entrepreneurship analysis, against the background of regional development. After a conceptual discussion on the importance and the measurement of entrepreneurship, the contribution discusses success factors and determinants of entrepreneurships. Next, focus is laid on the geography of entrepreneurship, while also due attention is paid to the relevance of networks for modern entrepreneurship. The chapter concludes with some retrospective and prospective remarks.
The fact that the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Paul Krugman indicates the increasing attention being given to spatially related phenomena and processes. Given the growing number of academics currently doing research on spatially related subjects, and...
No abstract is provided for this article.
The equilibria between cubic (Fe,Mn)S solid solutions and sulfur rich liquid have been measured in the temperature range 1100 to 1300°C, and those bet
This paper uses a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model to analyze the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and output dynamics in a multicountry context. The GVAR model enables us to make two important contributions: First, to model international linkages among a large number of countries, which is a key asset given the diversity of countries involved, and second, to model foreign direct investment and output dynamics jointly. The country-specific small-dimensional vector autoregressive submodels are estimated utilizing a Bayesian version of the model coupled with stochastic search variable selection priors to account for model uncertainty. Using a sample of 15 emerging and advanced economies over the period 1998:Q1–2012:Q4, we find that US outbound FDI exerts a positive long-term effect on output. Asian and Latin American economies tend to react faster and also stronger than Western European countries. Forecast error variance decompositions indicate that FDI plays a prominent role in explaining gross domestic product fluctuations, especially in emerging market economies.
