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Background High blood pressure (HBP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Short‐term clinical trials have found beneficial effects of higher dairy intakes, especially yogurt, on CVD risk among those with HBP. However, long‐term studies are lacking. Objective To estimate the independent effects of total dairy and yogurt on risk of incident CVD among middle‐aged adults with HBP. Secondarily, possible effect modification by a healthy diet pattern was explored. Methods Subjects included 57,768 30–55 year‐old women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and 18,593 40–75 year‐old men in the Health Professionals Follow‐Up Study (HPFS) who reported HBP. Subjects with prevalent CVD, diabetes, or cancer were excluded. Cumulative average dairy intakes were derived from validated, semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. CVD, defined as myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, was ascertained via self‐report with medical record review. NHS and HPFS subjects were followed for incident CVD for up to 30 and 24 years, respectively from the time of first reported HBP diagnosis. Time dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while controlling for age, race, family history of HBP or MI, BP medication use, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, BMI, and intakes of energy, fiber and trans fats. A DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet score was calculated to explore effect modification by diet quality. Results There were 5,468 total CVD cases in both cohorts, with 3,678 and 1,790 incident CVD cases in the NHS and HPFS, respectively. Of the 3,678 CVD cases in NHS, 1,887 were MI events and 1,791 strokes. In HPFS, there were 1,267 MI events and 523 incident strokes. Yogurt intake was inversely associated with risk of CVD among those with prevalent HBP ( p for linear trend <0.01 for both NHS and HPFS). Participants who consumed yogurt twice or more weekly in the NHS and HPFS had 17% (95% CI: 0.75–0.92) and 18% (95% CI: 0.68–0.97) reductions on risk of CVD, respectively. The effect of yogurt was further modified by a healthy diet pattern (as measured by a DASH score). Regular yogurt consumers in the NHS (≥2 servings/week) and HPFS (≥1 serving/week) with higher DASH scores (≥25 for both cohorts) had 19% (95% CI: 0.71–0.92) and 31% (95% CI: 0.57–0.83) lower risks of CVD, respectively. Total dairy intake was inversely associated with CVD risk among men. Finally, for participants in both NHS and HPFS whose diet more closely matched that of a DASH diet (DASH score ≥22), consuming ≥1 serving/day of dairy led to 12% (95% CI: 0.79–0.97) and 16% (95% CI: 0.73–0.97) lower risks of CVD, respectively. Conclusion Higher usual yogurt intakes were associated with lower risks of incident CVD in both women and men with prevalent HBP. Total dairy intake was particularly beneficial for men with HBP. When combined with a higher DASH score, higher total dairy and yogurt intakes led to meaningful reductions in CVD risk in both cohorts. These results suggest that incorporation of yogurt into a healthy diet pattern in hypertensive adults may provide a valuable non‐pharmacological approach to CVD prevention. Support or Funding Information National Dairy Council and the Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center

A thin-walled tube, e.g., a drinking straw, manifests an instability when bent by localizing the curvature change in a small region. This instability has been extensively studied since the seminal work of Brazier nearly a century ago. However, the scenario of pressurized tubes has received much less attention. Motivated by rod-shaped bacteria such as E. coli, whose cell walls are much thinner than their radius and are subject to a substantial internal pressure, we study, theoretically, how this instability is affected by this internal pressure. In the parameter range relevant to the bacteria, we find that the internal pressure significantly postpones the onset of the instability, while the bending stiffness of the cell wall has almost no influence. This study suggests a new method to infer turgor pressure in rod-shaped bacteria from bending experiments.

Ice streams are fast flowing bands of ice separated from stagnant ridges by shear margins. The mechanisms controlling the location of the margins remain unclear. We use published ice deformation data and a simple one‐dimensional thermal model to show that West Antarctic ice stream margins have temperate ice over a substantial fraction of their thickness, a condition that may control their width. The model predicts a triple‐valued relation between the thickness‐averaged lateral shear stress and the lateral shear strain rate. Observed strain rates at the margins imply that they support slightly less lateral shear stress than adjacent ice within the stream. This requires enhanced basal resistance near the margin. We suggest, in agreement with the limited observations, the presence of a channelized drainage system at the margin that reduces the pore fluid pressure at the ice‐till interface, thus increasing the shear stress acting on the yielding Coulomb plastic bed.

Nanorod/superconductor composites were formed by depositing Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Oz (Tl-2223) thick films on high density MgO nanorod arrays that were grown on MgO single crystal substrates. Electron microscopy studies show that this approach creates a high density of columnar defects normal to the CuO2 planes within crystal grains of the composites. The nanorod/superconductor composites exhibited enhanced critical current densities and an upward shift in the irreversibility line compared with reference samples. These results demonstrate that a nanorod-composite approach represents an effective strategy for introducing correlated defects into high-Tc superconductors, and thus may be useful for applications.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and reactivity of alkylsiloxane monolayers formed by reaction of alkyltrichlorosilanes on silicon substratesStephen R. Wasserman, Yu Tai Tao, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Langmuir 1989, 5, 4, 1074–1087Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00088a035https://doi.org/10.1021/la00088a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6234Altmetric-Citations1074LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to explore sources of drugs (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) and weapons (knives/razors, firearms) for a group of pre-adolescents living in disadvantages neighborhoods in Chicago. Two methods were used: a focus group and a self-administered survey implemented in classrooms. At least one-third of this sample of fifth grade students responded that it was easy for people their age to obtain each of the products. Across products, family members were the least likely source of products and neighborhood sources were the most likely sources perceived to be easy.

Previous data suggesting that polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene were associated with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes have been inconsistent. We assessed the relationship between five common haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adiponectin gene (−11365C>G, −4034A>C, −3964A>G, +45T>G, and +276G>T), haplotypes defined by these SNPs, and the risk of type 2 diabetes by conducting a nested case-control study of 642 incident cases of type 2 diabetes and 995 matching control subjects in the Nurses’ Health Study. Overall, we did not observe significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies for the five SNPs between the case and control subjects. After adjustment for diabetes risk factors, the −4034 C/C genotype was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] compared with the A/A genotype = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.99, P = 0.04). In subgroup analyses, the +276 genotype was significantly associated with diabetes risk only among subjects with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) variant 12Ala allele (OR comparing +276 T alleles with the G/G genotype = 1.69, 1.04–2.75, P = 0.035) or among obese subjects (1.46, 1.03–2.08, P = 0.03). These data suggest a potential interaction between the adiponectin genotype and PPARγ genotype or obesity, but these analyses should be considered exploratory and require further investigation in larger studies.