Objectives: To evaluate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and development of urinary incontinence in women. Design: Prospective, observational study. Setting: The Nurses' Health Study cohort. Participants: Eighty‐one thousand eight hundred forty‐five women who reported information on urinary function in 1996. Measurements: Self‐reported, physician‐diagnosed DM was ascertained using questionnaire from 1976 to 1996 and confirmed using standard criteria. Self‐reported urinary incontinence, defined as leakage at least weekly, was ascertained in 1996 and 2000. Logistic regression models were used to calculate multivariate‐adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship between DM (as of 1996) and prevalent and incident incontinence. Results: The risk of prevalent incontinence (multivariate RR=1.28, 95% CI=1.18–1.39) and incident incontinence (multivariate RR=1.21, 95% CI=1.02–1.43) was significantly greater in women with DM than women without. Using a validated severity index, risk of developing severe incontinence was even more substantial in women with DM than in those without (multivariate RR=1.40, 95% CI=1.15–1.71 for leakage enough to wet the underwear; RR=1.97, 95% CI=1.24–3.12 for leakage enough to wet the outer clothing). In addition, risk of incontinence increased with duration of DM ( P ‐trend=.03 for prevalent incontinence; P =.001 for incident incontinence). Conclusion: DM independently increases risk of urinary incontinence in women. Because risk of incontinence appeared associated with longer duration of DM, even delaying the onset of DM could have important public health implications.
Viscoelastic spherical shells exhibit a wide range of time/rate-dependent buckling behaviors when subjected to pressure. For certain loadings, buckling can even occur after a significant time delay, termed creep buckling. To gain a thorough understanding of the nonlinear time-dependent buckling behavior of viscoelastic spherical shells, this work develops an analytical model employing the small-strain, moderate-rotation shell theory combined with a linearly viscoelastic material law. Numerical results are presented for axisymmetric spherical shells with geometric imperfections for two types of loading: a prescribed rate of volume change and a prescribed pressure that remains constant after it is applied. The first type reveals the rate-dependent behavior of viscoelastic buckling while the constant pressure loading is used to quantify creep buckling phenomena. The results show that viscoelasticity and loading rates play important roles in the load-carrying behavior of these shells, and the results for the constant pressure loading reveal an unexpected and important connection between the short-time elastic buckling limit and the long-time creep buckling limit. An imperfection sensitivity map is constructed for the constant pressure loading showing three regimes with qualitatively different behaviors: near-instantaneous buckling, creep buckling and no buckling.
Smoking-related behaviors and attitudes of significant others (especially friends and parents) are among the most consistent predictors of adolescent smoking. However, theorists remain divided on whether the behaviors of significant others influence adolescent smoking directly or indirectly, and the relative influence of parental and peer smoking on adolescents' own smoking is still a matter of debate. In addition, little research has examined the role of significant others' behavior on different stages of smoking onset. In particular, not much information is available regarding gender and ethnic differences in social influences on smoking behavior. We use structural equation modeling to address these issues. Different theoretical perspectives from cognitive-affective theories (Ajzen 1985; Ajzen and Fishbein 1980) and social learning theories (Akers et al. 1979; Bandura 1969, 1982, 1986) have been integrated into a structural model of smoking influence. The results show that friends' smoking affects adolescent initiation into smoking both directly and indirectly, whereas parental smoking influences smoking initiation only indirectly. The data also show that friends' and parents' smoking affect smoking escalation only indirectly. In general, friends' smoking has a stronger effect on adolescents' smoking behavior, particularly on initiation. Multiple group comparisons of the structural models predicting smoking initiation among males and females reveal that parental approval of smoking plays a significant mediating role for females, but not for males. Comparisons of Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and other ethnic groups reveal that there are some significant differences in the pathways of friends' influences among the four groups.
Models that characterize the displacement instability of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) found in some thermal barrier systems are reviewed, consolidated and extended. It is demonstrated that the simulations are only consistent with the observations whenever the bond coat and TGO both undergo plastic deformation. The TGO yields at the peak temperature, during growth, while the bond coat yields on thermal cycling. The trends oppose. Namely, the TGO displacement is diminished by increasing the high temperature strength of the bond coat, but is increased upon increasing the TGO strength. The model rationalizes certain experimental trends, particularly the decrease in durability as the hot time per cycle decreases. Interactions between the instability and cracks in the thermal barrier layer are discussed.
Abstract This chapter discusses several aspects of gene-environment interactions, beginning with conceptual and statistical models, followed by various study designs for identifying gene-environment interactions. It summarizes results from both intervention and observational studies of gene-environment interactions on obesity and weight change. Finally, it discusses methodological issues in the study of gene-environment interactions, including sample size requirements, the problem of multiple comparisons, lack of replication, and study designs.
A superlayer test has been adapted for the measurement of the fracture energy between epoxy thin films and self-assembled monolayers (SAM’s) on Au/Ti
No abstract is provided for this article.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSelf-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiolates Presenting Tri(propylene sulfoxide) Groups Resist the Adsorption of ProteinLi Deng, Milan Mrksich, and George M. WhitesidesView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 21, 5136–5137Publication Date (Web):May 29, 1996Publication History Received13 February 1996Published online29 May 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja960461dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja960461drapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1058Altmetric-Citations109LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Adsorption,Alcohols,Alkyls,Oxides,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe extent of incorporation of excess deuterium in the platinum-catalyzed reduction of unsubstituted cycloolefins by H2 in D2O/THF increases with the strain energy of the product cycloalkanesT. Randall Lee and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 1, 369–370Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00001a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00001a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
