Publications

Lactation Duration and Long-term Risk for Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE We examined the association of lactation duration with incident type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We monitored 4,372 women with a history of GDM participating in the Nurses’ Health Study II for incident type 2 diabetes over 25 years up to 2017. Lactation history was obtained through follow-up questionnaires to calculate lactation duration. Follow-up blood samples were collected from a subset of these women at median age of 58 years through the Diabetes & Women’s Health Study. RESULTS We documented 873 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during 87,411 person-years of follow-up. Longer duration of lactation was associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes for both total lactation (hazard ratio 1.05 [95% CI 0.83–1.34] for up to 6 months, 0.91 [0.72–1.16] for 6–12 months, 0.85 [0.67–1.06] for 12–24 months, and 0.73 [0.57–0.93] for >24 months, compared with 0 months; P-trend = 0.003) and exclusive breastfeeding (P-trend = 0.002) after adjustment for age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, parity, age at first birth, smoking, diet quality, physical activity, and prepregnancy BMI. Longer duration of lactation was also associated with lower HbA1c, fasting plasma insulin, and C-peptide concentrations among women without type 2 diabetes at follow-up (all adjusted P-trend ≤0.04). CONCLUSIONS Longer duration of lactation is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes and a favorable glucose metabolic biomarker profile among women with a history of GDM. The underlying mechanisms and impact on diabetes complications, morbidity, and mortality remain to be determined.

ChemInform Abstract: Carbonic Anhydrase as a Model for Biophysical and Physical‐Organic Studies of Proteins and Protein—Ligand Binding

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Feed-forward neural networks in chemistry: mathematical systems for classification and pattern recognition

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFeed-forward neural networks in chemistry: mathematical systems for classification and pattern recognitionJohn A. Burns and George M. WhitesidesCite this: Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 8, 2583–2601Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00024a001Request reuse permissionsArticle Views703Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (4 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Derived minimal effect level (DMEL)

Derived minimal effect levels (DMELs) are calculated as part of the human health hazard assessment portion of the European Community Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) chemical safety assessment. DMELs are derived for substances that exhibit a nonthreshold mode of action such as mutagens and carcinogens. A DMEL is a reference risk level that is considered to be of very low concern—i.e., it should be seen as a ‘tolerable’ level of effects but not a level where no potential effects can be foreseen. The European Chemicals Agency has developed two methodologies for DMEL derivation. DMELs are used in the REACH semiquantitative health risk characterization process.

Healthful Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Hypertension Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Women who developed gestational diabetes mellitus represent a high-risk population for hypertension later in life. The role of diet in the progression of hypertension among this susceptible population is unknown. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 3818 women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus in the Nurses’ Health Study II as part of the ongoing Diabetes & Women’s Health Study. These women were followed-up from 1989 to 2011. Incident hypertension was identified through self-administered questionnaires that were validated previously by medical record review. Adherence scores for the alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, the alternative Mediterranean diet, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension were computed for each participant. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary scores and hypertension while adjusting for major risk factors for hypertension. We documented 1069 incident hypertension cases during a median of 18.5 years of follow-up. After adjustment for major risk factors for hypertension, including body mass index, alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010, alternative Mediterranean diet, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension scores were significantly inversely associated with the risk of hypertension; hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval comparing the extreme quartiles (highest versus lowest) were 0.76 (0.61–0.94; P for linear trend =0.03) for AHEI score, 0.72 (0.58–0.90; P for trend =0.01) for Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension score, and 0.70 (0.56–0.88; P for trend =0.002) for alternative Mediterranean diet score. Adherence to a healthful dietary pattern was related to a lower subsequent risk of developing hypertension among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Drunk driving and mental disorders

FLASH: A rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices

This article describes FLASH (Fast Lithographic Activation of Sheets), a rapid method for laboratory prototyping of microfluidic devices in paper. Paper-based microfluidic devices are emerging as a new technology for applications in diagnostics for the developing world, where low cost and simplicity are essential. FLASH is based on photolithography, but requires only a UV lamp and a hotplate; no clean-room or special facilities are required (FLASH patterning can even be performed in sunlight if a UV lamp and hotplate are unavailable). The method provides channels in paper with dimensions as small as 200 µm in width and 70 µm in height; the height is defined by the thickness of the paper. Photomasks for patterning paper-based microfluidic devices can be printed using an ink-jet printer or photocopier, or drawn by hand using a waterproof black pen. FLASH provides a straightforward method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices in regions where the technological support for conventional photolithography is not available.

ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMIE VON RK. AN EISEN‐KOHLENSTOFF‐SIGMA‐BINDUNGEN

Abstract Anhand von NMR‐Untersuchungen wird bestätigt, daß die Spaltung der C‐Fe‐σ‐Bindung im threo‐Fe‐Komplex (II) mit Hg(II)‐chlorid unter Retention, mit Brom unter Inversion der Konfiguration erfolgt; es entstehen die Produkte (I) bzw. (III).

Abstract MP21: Circulating Biomarkers of Dairy Fat and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Two US Prospective Cohorts

Background: Prior observational studies suggest that self-reported consumption of dairy foods is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes (DM). Few studies have used circulating biomarkers that provide objective measures of dairy fat consumption. Aim: To test the hypothesis that plasma fatty acid biomarkers of dairy fat, 15:0, 17:0, 16:1 n-7t and 14:0, are associated with lower incidence of DM. Methods: We used gas-liquid chromatography to measure plasma 15:0, 17:0, 16:1 n-7t and 14:0 biomarkers in 3,347 adults aged 30-75 years and free of prevalent DM at baseline in two separate U.S. prospective cohorts, Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals’ Follow Up Study (HPFS). Incident DM was identified through 2008 and confirmed by validated supplementary questionnaire using symptoms, diagnostic tests, and medical therapy. Cox proportional hazards regression was used and cohort findings pooled by fixed-effects meta-analysis. Results: During mean ± SD follow-up of 14.0 ± 4.9 years, 254 new cases of DM were diagnosed. Correlations with self-reported dairy fat consumption were modest for 17:0 (r=0.19), 16:1 n-7t (r=0.21) and 15:0 (r=0.27), and weaker for 14:0 (r=0.12). In pooled multivariate analyses, comparing highest to lowest quartiles, lower risk of DM was seen for 17:0 [HR=0.57 (95% CI: 0.39 - 0.82), P-trend=0.001] and 16:1 n-7t [HR=0.60 (0.42 - 0.87), P-trend=0.007], while 14:0 was positively associated [HR=1.98 (1.35 - 2.91), P-trend <0.0001] and 15:0 was not associated [HR=1.11 (0.75 - 1.63), P-trend=0.80] ( Table ). Conclusion: In separate prospective cohorts, two biomarkers of dairy fat (17:0 and 16:1 n-7t) were associated with lower incidence of DM. 14:0, which is also obtained from beef, and is a marker of de novo lipogenesis, was associated with increased risk. Further research is needed on plausible biological and mechanistic pathways.

Design of Organic Structures in the Solid State: Molecular Tapes Based on the Network of Hydrogen Bonds Present in the Cyanuric Acid.cntdot.Melamine Complex

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign of Organic Structures in the Solid State: Molecular Tapes Based on the Network of Hydrogen Bonds Present in the Cyanuric Acid.cntdot.Melamine ComplexJonathan A. Zerkowski, John C. MacDonald, Christopher T. Seto, Derk A. Wierda, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6, 2382–2391Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00085a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00085a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1106Altmetric-Citations160LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (8)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Kinetics of formation of alkyl Grignard reagents. Evidence for rate-determining electron transfer

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of formation of alkyl Grignard reagents. Evidence for rate-determining electron transferRandall J. Rogers, H. Lee Mitchell, Yuzo Fujiwara, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 6, 857–858Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00920a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00920a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

Nanowire probes could drive high-resolution brain-machine interfaces

A central challenge in the field of electrophysiology is to achieve intracellular recording of the complex networks of electrogenic cells in tissues. The historical gold-standard of intracellular recording - patch-clamp electrodes - do have limitations in terms of their invasiveness and difficulty to use in large-scale parallel recording. Recent advances in nanowire-based bioelectronics have demonstrated minimally-invasive intracellular interfaces and highly-scalable parallel recording at the network level. Combined with in vivo recording platforms, these advances can enable investigations of dynamics in the brain and drive the development of new brain-machine interfaces with unprecedented resolution and precision.

Abstract 52: Plasma Metabolomic Signatures of the American Heart Association Diet Score: Findings From the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study

Introduction: Puerto Rican adults living on the US mainland tend to have poor quality diets and adverse cardiometabolic risk. Plasma metabolomic signatures reflect dietary intakes and variability in metabolic response to diet. Hypothesis: A plasma metabolomic signature reflecting adherence to the American Heart Association (AHA) dietary guidelines will be associated with cardiometabolic risk. Methods: We used LC/MS to measure plasma metabolites (>700) among Boston Puerto Rican Health Study participants, aged 45-75 years, without (n=252) and with (n=254) type 2 diabetes (T2D). We calculated a modified version of a previously validated AHA diet score (AHA-DS), which included variety and amounts of fruits/vegetables, whole grains, fish, saturated fat, trans fat, sodium, and added sugars. We used elastic net regression to identify a metabolomic signature that associated with higher adherence to the AHA-DS among those without T2D (training set) and replicated the associations among those with T2D (testing set). A metabolomic score was calculated as the weighted sum of the diet associated metabolites. We used general linear models to determine the cross-sectional associations between the AHA-DS, metabolomic score, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: A diet-associated metabolomic signature with 58 metabolites, primarily lipids and amino acids, was identified. This metabolomic score correlated moderately with the AHA-DS among those with and without T2D (r=0.42-0.46, P <5.7x10 -12 ). In all participants (n=506), the metabolomic score, but not the AHA-DS, was significantly associated with higher HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations, and lower waist circumference ( P <0.004; Table 1). No associations were observed for triglyceride concentrations, glycemia measures, or blood pressure. Conclusions: In individuals of Puerto Rican descent, we identified a metabolomic signature that reflected adherence and metabolic response to the AHA dietary guidelines and that associated with cardiometabolic risk factors.

DNA methylation signature of chronic low-grade inflammation and its role in cardio-respiratory diseases

Abstract We performed a multi-ethnic Epigenome Wide Association study on 22,774 individuals to describe the DNA methylation signature of chronic low-grade inflammation as measured by C-Reactive protein (CRP). We find 1,511 independent differentially methylated loci associated with CRP. These CpG sites show correlation structures across chromosomes, and are primarily situated in euchromatin, depleted in CpG islands. These genomic loci are predominantly situated in transcription factor binding sites and genomic enhancer regions. Mendelian randomization analysis suggests altered CpG methylation is a consequence of increased blood CRP levels. Mediation analysis reveals obesity and smoking as important underlying driving factors for changed CpG methylation. Finally, we find that an activated CpG signature significantly increases the risk for cardiometabolic diseases and COPD.

Comment on "Effect of Nonlinear Prebuckling State on the Postbuckling Behavior and Imperfection-Sensitivity of Elastic Structures"

No abstract is provided for this article.

Associations of Diet with Albuminuria and Kidney Function Decline

Higher dietary intake of animal fat and two or more servings per week of red meat may increase risk for microalbuminuria. Lower sodium and higher beta-carotene intake may reduce risk for eGFR decline.

Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men

Specific dietary and lifestyle factors are independently associated with long-term weight gain, with a substantial aggregate effect and implications for strategies to prevent obesity. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).

Tissue-like Neural Probes for Understanding and Modulating the Brain

Electrophysiology tools have contributed substantially to understanding brain function, yet the capabilities of conventional electrophysiology probes have remained limited in key ways because of large structural and mechanical mismatches with respect to neural tissue. In this Perspective, we discuss how the general goal of probe design in biochemistry, that the probe or label have a minimal impact on the properties and function of the system being studied, can be realized by minimizing structural, mechanical, and topological differences between neural probes and brain tissue, thus leading to a new paradigm of tissue-like mesh electronics. The unique properties and capabilities of the tissue-like mesh electronics as well as future opportunities are summarized. First, we discuss the design of an ultraflexible and open mesh structure of electronics that is tissue-like and can be delivered in the brain via minimally invasive syringe injection like molecular and macromolecular pharmaceuticals. Second, we describe the unprecedented tissue healing without chronic immune response that leads to seamless three-dimensional integration with a natural distribution of neurons and other key cells through these tissue-like probes. These unique characteristics lead to unmatched stable long-term, multiplexed mapping and modulation of neural circuits at the single-neuron level on a year time scale. Last, we offer insights on several exciting future directions for the tissue-like electronics paradigm that capitalize on their unique properties to explore biochemical interactions and signaling in a "natural" brain environment.