Background— Although several prospective cohort studies have found an inverse association between fish consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or sudden cardiac death in the general population, limited data are available among diabetic patients. Methods and Results— We examined prospectively the association between intake of fish and ω-3 fatty acids and risk of CHD and total mortality among 5103 female nurses with diagnosed type 2 diabetes but free of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline. Between 1980 and 1996 (45 845 person-years of follow-up), we documented 362 incident cases of CHD (141 CHD deaths and 221 nonfatal myocardial infarctions) and 468 deaths from all causes. Compared with women who seldom consumed fish (<1 serving/mo), the relative risks (RRs) (95% CI) of CHD adjusted for age, smoking, and other established coronary risk factors were 0.70 (0.48 to 1.03) for fish consumption 1 to 3 times per month, 0.60 (0.42 to 0.85) for once per week, 0.64 (0.42 to 0.99) for 2 to 4 times per week, and 0.36 (0.20 to 0.66) for 5 or more times per week ( P for trend=0.002). Higher consumption of fish was also associated with a significantly lower total mortality (multivariate RR=0.48 [0.29 to 0.80] for ≥5 times per week [ P for trend=0.005]). Higher consumption of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids was associated with a trend toward lower incidence of CHD (RR=0.69 [95% CI 0.47 to 1.03], P for trend=0.10) and total mortality (RR=0.63 [95% CI, 0.45 to 0.88], P for trend=0.02). Conclusions— A higher consumption of fish and long-chain ω-3 fatty acids was associated with a lower CHD incidence and total mortality among diabetic women.
Abstract Die Reaktion von Alkylquecksilberhalogeniden mit Jodo‐tributylphosphinkupfer(I) und tert.‐Butyllithium bei ‐78°C in THF liefert einen reaktiven Komplex, der alle dr Metalle zu enthalten scheint.
Motivated by observations of the subglacial drainage of water, we consider a hydraulic fracture problem in which the crack grows parallel to a free surface, subject to fully turbulent fluid flow. Using a hybrid Chebyshev/series-minimization numerical approach, we solve for the pressure profile, crack opening displacement, and crack growth rate for a crack that begins relatively short but eventually becomes long compared with the distance to the free surface. We plot nondimensionalized results for a variety of different times, corresponding with different fracture lengths, and find substantial differences when free-surface effects are important.
Abstract : The controlled and predictable synthesis of nanowires and nanowire heterostructures that serve as the basic nanoscale building blocks for photonic devices has been carried out. Nanocluster catalyzed growth was used to prepare gallium nitride based nanowire materials, including radial nanowire heterostructures in which the composition and/or doping was modulated perpendicular to the axis of a nanowire. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the detailed structure and composition of nanowires down to the atomic level, and demonstrate that desired nanowire structure could be made in a controlled manner. In addition, the critical optical and optoelectronic properties of the nanowire and nanowire heterostructure building blocks, and their behavior as photonic device elements, including nanoscale light-emitting diodes, lasers and avalanche photodiodes were characterized. Photoluminescence studies showed that at the single nanowire level that nanowires exhibit emission colors that were tuned specifically by the composition of the nanowires. Nanolithography was also used to make electrical contacts to nanowire structures and use combined optical microscopy and electrical transport measurements to demonstrate the successful demonstration of the first multi-color nanoscale light-emitting diodes, the first nanowire electrical injection laser, and the first nanowire avalanche photodiode detector.
Reduction in smoking, improvement in diet, and an increase in postmenopausal hormone use accounted for much of the decline in the incidence of coronary disease in this group of women. An increasing prevalence of obesity, however, appears to have slowed the decline in the incidence of coronary disease.
